Person-Centred Approaches in Adult Social Care Settings Essay

1.1. Define person-centred values Person-centred values: -treating people as individuals -supporting people to access their rights -supporting people to exercise choice -making sure people have privacy if they want it -supporting people to be as independent as possible -treating people with dignity and respect -recognising that working with people is a partnership rather than a relationship controlled by professionals Person-centred care has its focus on the person with an illness and not on the disease in the person. To achieve truly person-centred care we need to understand how the individual experiences his or her situation if we are to understand their behaviours and symptoms. This requires in-depth understanding of the individual’s life circumstances and preferences, combined with up-to-date evidence-based knowledge about individualised medical and social condition and treatment. 1.2. Explain why it is important to work in a way that embeds person-centred values Characterises a person-centred care: see more:support an individual in a way that promotes a sense of identity and self esteem see more:define person centred values †¢ Has its focus on the person with an illness and not the disease in the person. †¢ Has the person’s own experiences as its point of departure. †¢ Strives to understand behaviours and symptoms from the perspective of the person. †¢ Tailors care and treatment to each individual. †¢ Promotes both patient empowerment and shared decision making. †¢ Involves the patient as an active, collaborative partner. †¢ Strives to involve the person’s social network in his/her care. We believe that all individuals have the following person centred characteristics Freedom of Movement The right of residents to move to an area or place of their preference within legal limitations 2.1 Describe how to find out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of an individual Person-centred working means that the wishes of the person are the basis of planning and delivering support and  care services. Therefore, you must find out exactly what people want and expect from the care and support they are planning. Person-centred working means that service provision fits around the person-not the other way around. If you are going to work with someone, it is important that you know as much about them as possible.To find out about people history, preferences, wishes and needs the best way is always to ask them. They will tell you about their lives, needs and wishes. Some people have problems with communicating so you can always read their care plan, ask your colleagues or just talk to the family. 2.2. Describe how to take into account the history, preferences, wishes and needs of an individual when planning care and support. In my work role I: †¢ Provide Home Care to individuals, taking into account the history, preferences, wishes and needs of the individual and identified needs †¢ Provide Care including general counselling, personal hygiene and Meals tailored preferences, wishes and needs of the individual †¢ Take individuals to appointments and activities †¢ Assist with exercises, physiotherapy and other medical and care plans †¢ Monitor wellbeing and other physical conditions, as required †¢ Follow medical and care instructions carefully and consistently †¢ Organize time and resources based on the individual needs of clients †¢ Manage any unanticipated events or unstable situations †¢ Administer Care Plan in order to ensure that it is delivered in an appropriate, caring and respectful manner †¢ Ensure that care is provided according to all relevant policies, procedures and regulations †¢ Monitor supplies and resources †¢ Identify individual’s requiring more interventions and personal input †¢ Listen to the individual, take their views into consideration and make recommendations for changes and improvements to their care needs, as required †¢ Discuss any issues and concerns with individual and then pass on any relevant issues to the appropriate person †¢ Ensure that all care needs are identified †¢ Coordinate appropriate care and equipment including appropriate resource, as required †¢ Conduct and maintain a current, accurate, confidential client reporting system †¢ Provide information to other health care professionals, as required †¢ Consult with family members and other supports to ensure that care is on-going and that all client needs are identified and met †¢ Encourage clients and families to be involved in care, if appropriate †¢ Encourage clients and families to take responsibility for care, where and if appropriate †¢ Liaise with all family, medical and other resources, as required †¢ Advocate on behalf of clients for additional service and resources, as required †¢ Establish and maintain current, accurate, confidential files for each client †¢ Inform clients, families on what can be provided and when to access other resources †¢ Perform other related duties as required 2.3. Explain how using an individual’s care plan contributes in a person centred way Care Plans are the primary source of Patient information. Every specialty, PT/OT/Nursing etc. do an evaluation of the individual and formulate a program of goals for the patient to attain, therapies needed, schedule of goal levels, etc. Each person interacting with the patient can refer to the care plan for any information needed. Done properly, the care plan reflects a total person and how to best help them fulfil the goals. A care plan may be known by other names e.g. support plan, individual plan. It is the document where day to day requirements and preferences for care and support are detailed. Person centred thinking and planning is founded on the premise that genuine listening contains an implied promise to take action. PCP tools can be very powerful methods of focused listening, creative thinking and alliance building that have been shown both by experience and by research to make a significant impact in the lives of people who use human support services, when used imaginatively by people with a commitment to person-centeredness. Used well, with enthusiasm and commitment, these tools can be an excellent way of planning with people who might otherwise find it difficult to plan their lives, or who find that other people and services are planning their lives for them. 3.1. Define the term ‘consent’ Consent refers to the provision of approval or agreement, particularly and especially after thoughtful consideration. The question of consent is important in medical law. For example, a surgeon may be liable in trespass (battery) if they do not obtain consent for a procedure. There are exemptions, such as when the patient is unable to give consent. 3.2. Explain the importance of gaining consent when providing care and support the need for consent For one person to touch another without committing a criminal offence, he or she must have lawful justification. Consent is one such justification. This principle applies to medical treatment. Consent to a particular form of treatment allows that treatment to be given lawfully. Consent must usually be obtained before any treatment is given and can only be meaningful if a full explanation of the treatment has been given Consent can be either expressed or implied. For example, participation in a contact sport usually implies consent to contact by other participants, when contact is permitted by the rules of the sport. Express consent exists when verbal or written contractual agreement occurs. If a person signs a document stating that he or she is aware of the hazards of an activity, and that individual is then injured during that activity, the express consent given in advance may excuse another person who caused an injury to that person. How much information should I be given about the treatment? You should be given all the information you need to enable you to make a decision about giving consent to be treated. This includes what the treatment is, what it will achieve, any likely side effects, what will happen if the treatment is not given and what alternatives there are. Guidance issued to doctors says they should encourage you to ask questions and they should answer these fully. Can I be treated without giving consent to the treatment? Whether you are at home or in hospital, if you are an adult (aged 18 or over) and have the mental capacity needed to give consent to a form of medical treatment, you are generally entitled to refuse it and no undue pressure should be placed on you. However, the law does allow treatment to be given to an adult without consent where the adult lacks the mental capacity  needed to give consent and where certain sections of the Mental Health Act 1983 (MHA) apply – see Parts 2 and 3 of this guide for details. If you are experiencing mental distress and are offered treatment, you need to be aware of any legal powers that could be used if you refuse. However, the powers must not be used as threats to coerce you into consenting and if you feel this is happening, seek independent legal advice and consider making a complaint. Discuss any concerns you have about treatment with your doctor, making sure he or she knows what it is about the treatment you object to. You can always ask for a second opinion to discuss the treatment proposed. Your own GP can arrange this, or your consultant psychiatrist if you have one. If you are under 18, the law is complex and it is best to seek specialist legal advice. It may be that you can consent on your own behalf, but this does not necessarily mean you have the same right to refuse. Others, such as your parents, guardian, the local authority or the court, may be able to consent on your behalf. 3.3. Describe how to establish consent for an activity or action Every adult must be presumed to have the mental capacity to consent or refuse treatment, unless they are †¢ unable to take in or retain information provided about their treatment or care †¢ unable to understand the information provided †¢ unable to weigh up the information as part of the decision-making process. The assessment as to whether an adult lacks the capacity to consent or not is primarily down to the clinician providing the treatment or care, but carers have a responsibility to participate in discussions about this assessment. Carers have three over-riding professional responsibilities with regard to obtaining consent. †¢ To make the care of people their first concern and ensure they gain consent before they begin any treatment or care. †¢ Ensure that the process of establishing consent is rigorous, transparent and demonstrates a clear level of professional accountability. †¢ Accurately record all discussions and decisions relating to obtaining consent Valid consent must be given by a competent person (who may be a person lawfully appointed on behalf of the person) and must be given  voluntarily. Another person cannot give consent for an adult who has the capacity to consent. Exceptions to this are detailed below. Emergency situations An adult who becomes temporarily unable to consent due to, for example, being unconscious, may receive treatment necessary to preserve life. In such cases the law allows treatment to be provided without the person in the care of a nurse or midwife consent, as long as it is in the best interests of that person. Medical intervention considered being in the persons best interest, but which can be delayed until they can consent, should be carried out when consent can be given. Exceptions to this are where the person has issued an advanced directive detailing refusal of treatment. Obtaining consent Obtaining consent is a process rather than a one-off event. When a person is told about proposed treatment and care, it is important that the information is given in a sensitive and understandable way. The person should be given enough time to consider the information and the opportunity to ask questions if they wish to. Carers should not assume that the person in their care has sufficient knowledge, even about basic treatment, for them to make a choice. Forms of consent A person in the care of a nurse or midwife may demonstrate their consent in a number of ways. If they agree to treatment and care, they may do so verbally, in writing or by implying (by cooperating) that they agree. Equally they may withdraw or refuse consent in the same way. Verbal consent, or consent by implication, will be enough evidence in most cases. Written consent should be obtained if the treatment or care is risky, lengthy or complex. This written consent stands as a record that discussions have taken place and of the person’s choice. If a person refuses treatment, making a written record of this is just as important. A record of the discussions and decisions should be made. When consent is refused Legally, a competent adult can either give or refuse consent to treatment, even if that refusal may result in harm or death to him or herself. Carers  must respect their refusal just as much as they would their consent. It is important that the person is fully informed and, when necessary, other members of the health care team are involved. A record of refusal to consent, as with consent itself, must be made. The law and professional bodies recognise the power of advanced directives or living wills. These are documents made in advance of a particular condition arising and show the persons treatment choices, including the decision not to accept further treatment in certain circumstances. Although not necessarily legally binding, they can provide very useful information about the wishes of a person who is now unable to make a decision. 3.4.Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established As a professional, you are personally accountable for actions and omissions in your practice and must always be able to justify your decisions. You must always act lawfully, whether those laws relate to your professional practice or personal life. 4.1. Define what is meant by active participation  Active participation is a way of working that recognises an individual’s right to participate in the activities and relationships of everyday life as independently as possible; the individual is regarded as an active partner in their own care or support, rather than a passive recipient. 4.2. Describe how active participation benefits an individual 1. Fulfil your desire to connect When you actively participate in a community, you experience your connection to other human beings. You share your ideas, bond with others who have similar interest, and get a sense that you are supported and accepted. Connecting with others deepens your sense of connection. Actively participating is a way to practice expressing your true Self and recognising that Self in someone else. 2. Build truer, deeper relationships When involved, are you there to â€Å"inform yourself,† or are you there to build relationships, or, foster relationships? As an active participant in an  ongoing group, or even a one time event, you give people the opportunity to interact with you. They get to know you and realise that you’re not just there for the contacts. It helps you to build trust. And trust leads to deeper, meaningful understanding of needs and requirements, relationships and friendships. 3. Establish yourself as an expert As an active participant, means that you are in the conversation. If the opportunity presents itself to share professional information, you are in the loop already. You’ll be involved and be part of or maker decisions that will aid your well-being and motivation to improve your life and your experiences. 4. Take ownership Participating in a group in the surest way to gain ownership. You become a stakeholder, your voice is heard. Better than that, you are in a position to do something to make the changes you want to see. You own a piece of the pie. 5. Managing life changes Active participants have involvement which is life changing and frees the individual up from some of the frustrations and angst that beset us all. It helps that others are involved and at the point of decision it is the individual who decides what is going to happen and how, within legal, moral and financial considerations 4.3. and 4.4. Describe ways of reducing barriers to active participation and describe ways of encouraging active participation Always treat people the way you would wish to be treated if you needed the same form of action or advice as you would in that circumstance. Earn individuals trust and respect by acting in a professional way. Set High standards for yourself and follow the established method and Procedures. Your attitude and actions affect how people feel about themselves. Everything about the carer sends signals and affects the way the individual feel and react to them; the way carers stand and move, their appearance and their demeanour Taking Steps to Break Down Barriers of Communication †¢ Openness †¢ Point out Discrepancies †¢ Facts †¢ Stay on Subject †¢ Be Specific / Example †¢ Key Words / Phrases †¢ Clarify †¢ Summarise †¢ Open Questions †¢ Treat As You Would †¢ Friendly Tone †¢ Body Language †¢ Time †¢ Interest †¢ Convey Warmth †¢ Empathy †¢ Respect, Listen, Non Judgemental †¢ Honesty Trustworthiness Reliability Truthfulness Dependability GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS Communication must take place with employees at their level of understanding, using an appropriate manner, level and pace according to Individual abilities. †¢ Convey Warmth †¢ Show Respect with Active Listening and Without Passing Judgement †¢ Convey Empathy by Reflecting the Employee’s Feelings †¢ Show Interest †¢ Take Time to Listen †¢ Be Aware of Body Language †¢ Use a Friendly Tone †¢ Treat the Employee as you Would Wish to be Treated †¢ Ask Open Questions †¢ Summarise at Relevant Points in Your Own Words †¢ Clarify as Required †¢ Use Key Words or Phrases †¢ Be Specific, Ask for Specific Examples †¢ Do not Allow the Conversation to Go Off the Subject †¢ Stick to the Facts †¢ Point Out Discrepancies 5.1. Identify ways of supporting an individual to make informed choices Carer ethics concerns itself with activities in the field of care. Carers ethics have the principles of beneficence (The state or quality of being kind, charitable, or beneficial.), non-malfeasance (Not to have misconduct or wrongdoing) and respect for autonomy (The condition or quality of being autonomous; independence). It can be distinguished by its emphasis on relationships, human dignity and collaborative care. The concept of caring means that it tends to examine individual needs rather than ‘curing’ by exploring the relationship between the carer and the individual.   The progression of care has also shifted more towards the carer’s obligation to respect the human rights of the individual and this is reflected in the code of practice devised by the general social care council. Distinctive nature Generally, the focus of care is more on developing a relationship than concerns about broader principles, such as beneficence and justice. Carer’s seek a collaborative relationship with the individual in care. Themes that emphasises respect for the autonomy and dignity of the individual by promoting choice and control over their environment are commonly seen. This is in contrast to paternalistic practice where the health professional chooses what is in the best interests of the person from a perspective of wishing to cure them. Carers seek to defend the dignity of those in their care. It is because carers having a respect for people and their autonomous choices. People are then enabled to make decisions about their own treatment. Amongst other things this grounds the practice of informed choice that should be respected by the carer. The Principles of informed choice †¢ Services should be person centred in that they are flexible and responsive to need. †¢ Individuals continue to make a contribution to society and should be viewed as assets to society. †¢ Individuals want to live independently in their own homes or in a homely environment in their chosen community. †¢ Individuals want services that help them to help themselves. †¢ Individuals want local services to help them maintain their independence and safety in the community and promote good health.   Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Services need to provided in a timely fashion as soon as possible once the need has been identified. †¢ Services will support informal care networks in terms of family, friends, and community. †¢ Individuals should be protected from harm, abuse, neglect and isolation. †¢ When they require treatment in an acute hospital setting they want: o the best quality treatment as close to home as possible a smooth transition of care between community services and hospital and between hospital and community services. to return home as soon as possible with appropriate support when required o access to rehabilitation services to maximise their level of independence †¢ Individuals want access to good quality information to enable them to make informed decisions about services they may need. †¢ Individuals want to retain control of decisions concerning their life and lifestyle. †¢ Admission to residential care will be made on the basis of positive and informed choice. These principles are consistent with the focus on Independence, Participation, Care, Self-fulfilment and Dignity. 5.3. Explain how agreed risk assessment processes are used to support the right to make choices Risk assessments are used in several different ways in order to deliver safe and effective services that have people at the centre. e.g. As you can see from the table above , risk assessments are carried out for various reasons, but they are always used in order to protect either the person using the services or the support worker, or both. Risk assessments should never be used as a reason to prevent people from making choices; they are there to protect and to ensure that risks are reduced. A good risk assessment allows people to make choices that are based on facts and on having the right information. It helps people to understand the consequences so that they are making informed choices. Managing risks and safeguarding ‘Giving people more choice and control inevitably raises questions about risk, both for individuals exercising choice over their care and support, and for public sector organisations who may have concerns about financial, legal or reputational risk.’ (‘Personalisation and support planning’, DH, 2010, para 133) ‘Personalisation and support planning’ indicates two aspects of risk that need to be addressed in practice: 1. Safeguarding, where staff will need to: †¢ implement the organisation’s procedures for safeguarding, including joint working agreements with partner agencies;   Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ work with other professionals and agencies to reduce risk and safeguard adults and carers; †¢ respond using the organisation’s procedures to signs and symptoms of possible harm, abuse and neglect; †¢ take appropriate action when there are serious safeguarding concerns, seeking advice from line managers and accessing specialist expertise; †¢ work with services when there is any indication of child safeguarding concerns. 2. Risk assessment and management, where staff will need to: †¢ implement the organisation’s procedures for risk assessment and management, including joint working agreements with partner agencies; †¢ use agreed approaches to the assessment and management of risks when working in situations of uncertainty and unpredictability; †¢ seek support when risks to be managed are outside own expertise; †¢ when necessary, work within the organisation’s procedures for managing media  interest in risk and safeguarding situations. 5.4. Explain why a worker’s personal views should not influence an individual’s choices Personal Beliefs and Care Practice 1. In good care practice, carers are advised that: 2.  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ You must make the care of your individual client is your first concern you must treat your individual clients with respect, whatever their life choices and beliefs (paragraph 7). †¢ You must not unfairly discriminate against individual clients by allowing your personal views to affect adversely your professional relationship with them or the treatment you provide or arrange.

Television Is Bad for Children

It has been suggested that watching television may do more harm than good to a child's developmental skills. But a new study says that it all depends on what children watch — some educational programs on TV can actually enhance children's intellectual development. Until now, television viewing has been blamed consistently for having a negative effect on children's developmental skills. But the authors of a new study, which was published in the September/October issue of Child Development, argue that not all television programs are created equal. All TV is not alike,† says co-author Aletha Huston, PhD, professor of child development at the University of Texas at Austin. â€Å"Educational television can have a very positive impact on young children. † For the study, researchers recruited more than 200 children in the Kansas City area who were from low- to moderate-income families. About 40% of the children were African-Americans, and the rest were Hispanic and Cauca sian Americans. During the 3-year study, which followed children from ages 2 to 4 years, researchers tested the children and visited their homes every year.The tests included reading, vocabulary, math, and school readiness. â€Å"Children who watched educational programming — particularly at age 2 and 3 — performed better on tests of school-related skills than children who did not watch educational television,† says Huston. â€Å"Watching a lot of general audience programming was related to poor skills. † After controlling for the family environment, which included parents' education and family income, researchers found that watching educational programs on television may indeed translate to better skills.Daniel Anderson, PhD, professor of psychology at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, says that the findings highlight the importance of the type of content that is viewed. â€Å"What children watch on television is the key,† says Anderson. â€Å"When the television programs are designed to teach, children learn good things. If they are not designed to teach, and especially if they include violence, children learn things that end up being bad for their behavior. Anderson points out that for children from low- to moderate-income families, such educational programming is filling in parts of their childhood experience that they might not otherwise get. â€Å"These children very often don't have other educational resources available in their homes, such as age-appropriate books, and parents often don't understand the importance of reading to their children and encouraging their children to read,† says Anderson. Researchers say that it is heartening to see that educational programming has become a regular, if small, part of broadcast offerings.Children can learn cognitive and social skills from such programs if parents supervise what they watch. â€Å"Television is a powerful tool to teach things good or bad,† says John Murray, PhD, professor in the school of family studies and human services at Kansas State University. null But he cautions that too much television for school-aged children may have the opposite effect. â€Å"The rule of thumb is two hours per day,† says Murray. â€Å"Watching too much television takes away time children spend on exercise and other school-related activities. A related study, released this week in the September issue of Ambulatory Pediatrics, found that easy access to television, such as having a TV in a child's room, leads to more time spent in front of the tube. The study author, Jean Wiecha, PhD, says her study backs up that 2-hour rule. â€Å"Parents should limit the time children spend watching television,† says Wiecha, deputy director of the prevention research center on nutrition and physical activity at the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston. â€Å"More than 2 hours of viewing time may have health consequences for children, such as obesity. Technology runs in the veins of society. It is the fuel that drives our lives. It is an integral part of daily life. It has definitely benefited society. It has brought luxury in the life of every common man. Automation brought about by technology has saved human effort and time to a large extent. It has brought distant places closer and simplified information access. It has made the world a smaller place to live in. Let us look at some of the important areas, where technology has brought a positive change.Automation of Processes in the Industry and the Household: Technology has automated many of the critical processes in the industry as well as the household. Imagine the amount of labor that must have been involved in industrial processes when the concept of automation did not exist. Electronic gadgets have entered homes of the common man to rescue him from the boredom of daily chores. Imagine the amount of time people must be spending doing household chores durin g the time there were no machines and household appliances. It's better not imagined.Today's is the age of robotics. Machines can learn, adopt new things and perform tasks with near-human efficiency. Changed Modes of Transport: The automobile industry and technology are interwoven. Time has witnessed this industry evolve from mechanical scooters to automated aircraft. Animals were the only modes of transport in the olden days. Technology was the driving force behind the creation and design of the modern-day automobiles. Bicycles evolved into scooters and sports bikes. The idea of having four-wheeled modes of transport gave rise to the creation of cars.Modes of air and water transport came up, thanks to technology. Reduced Risk to Human Life: Machines have automated many crucial industrial processes. Machines are now taking up mundane jobs that were once done by human workers. Technology has evolved to an extent where machines can perform tasks that are not feasible for man, either b ecause they are risky or life-threatening or because they are beyond human capacity. The use of advanced technologies like robotics and artificial intelligence has proven to be helpful in life-risking endeavors like mining and space exploration.Data Management and Information Retrieval: Computer technology, needless to say, has changed the face of the world. Computers can store, organize and manage huge amounts of data. They can process large amounts of information. Computers have given rise to the software industry, one of the most progressive industries of the world. The Internet that seeded from computer networking concepts is the most effective communication platform and the largest information base existing today. Impact on the Entertainment and Advertising Industries: The Internet has brought a positive change to the entertainment and advertising industries.Over the Internet, advertisements can reach the masses within seconds. Internet advertisements have changed equations of the advertising industry. Branding on the Internet is much more effective that other forms of product promotion. The entertainment media has progressed because of advancements in technology. Movies, songs, games are a few clicks away. People have begun using the Internet to watch and download movies, listen to music, play games and entertain themselves. Thanks to handy, mobile and user-friendly devices, all this has become really easy.Onset of the Digital Age: There's hardly anything analog now, we live in a digital world, a digital age. Talk pixels and bytes. The digitization of information has made it possible for us to store it in a compact form. Ever wondered how gigabytes of data can be stored on a small chip? Digitization it is! Also, digitization enriches the quality of data storage. Digital voice and digital images are of a higher quality. Digital cameras and digital TVs provide users with an enriched picture quality, thus bettering user experience with technology.Communicat ion Redefined: Cellular communication has revolutionized the communication industry. The conventional telephone, also a piece of technology, was one of the earliest technological developments in communication. Mobile phones have broadened the horizons of communication by enabling convenient long-distance calling and mobile use. Letters have taken a backseat and emails and cell phone messages have become the easiest means to connect. Owing to developments in technology, communication is wireless.Social networking is another defining factor here. It has given an all new dimension to communication, entertainment and recreation. Satellite Technology: Satellite communication is an important facet of technology. Satellite TV and satellite radio have eased the broadcasting of events across the globe. How else do you think could matches and concerts be broadcasted live? Not just TV and radio, even communication to ships and airplanes wouldn't have been possible if not for satellite communic ation.Even your hand-held devices wouldn't be of use, if not for radio communication. These were still a few fields influenced by technology. It is almost impossible to enlist all the positive effects of technology on society. The fast-advancing technology on the whole, has given impetus to developments in various fields and improved the quality of human life. There's less risk, less effort, less mess. There's more leisure, more ease and more speed – all because of that ten-letter word – not a word, a phenomenon – technology.

Bernice Bobs Her Hair

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s story ‘Bernice Bobs Her Hair’ entails the tale of an old way of life that might respond the contemporary society in some way but not to shape culture of modern generation as a whole. There are some scenes that we can identify as unchanged and timeless such as boys mocking the girls that are beautiful in their eye sights, girls who love fashion to feel themselves attractive to boys hoping to marry one of the finest military bachelors as the most interesting parts of their youthfulness, and some improper behavior like betrayal of trusts, envy and revenge to people just to get even.Other conduct portrayed is irrelevant and not comparable today. The label Lost Generation comes to refer with American and English literary authors who gave most of their lives in publishing works in Europe particularly in France during and after the World War I. Author of this story is included in this label. Though not already applicable to the larger population in this modern times such group’s label, the impact of their literary work genre that has done and influenced the next in line are undoubtedly beneficial especially to the youth.One of the themes of the Lost Generation is women’s complete liberation from cultural nurture such as wearing a much shorter kind of skirt and likewise shorter haircut. In this story, the social freedom of women has been properly demonstrated when Bernice take a stand of embracing her new bobbed hair cut although she was unknowingly betrayed by hair cousin Marjorie at first.Aside from gender independence by showing the much radical fashion of women, it is also obviously showed off in the story activities such as drinking, smoking and dancing to the tune of barely earsplitting kind of music. Prior to 1920’s women on their teenage life doesn’t seem to be like this, which means that F. Scott Fitzgerald along with other Lost Generation authors created a public awareness of feminist liber ation. With relevance to our modern generation, this scene is closely similar as ladies today of the same age in the story are candid and extrovert.They openly drinks smokes and dances loud music wildly. The story ‘Bernice Bobs Her Hair’ opens a suggestion of restlessness and intimidation. One of the scenes that offer social impact was when Marjorie gave the statement to her mother Mrs. Harvey that Bernice’s Indian blood holds herself back to become dull, unattractive and boring woman. Such impression although came out not as one of the very important implication in the story, gave a very delicate and sensitive statement of racial and gender issue.On this note, the uneasiness to clearly reveal the topic of American liberation as well as women independence is expressed in this Lost Generation literary piece. R E F E R E N C E S Fitzgerald, F. S. â€Å"Bernice Bobs Her Hair. † F. Scott Fitzgerald Centenary. 1996. Board of Trustees of the University of South California. 23 Feb. 2009 â€Å"Lost Generation. † 2009. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 23 Feb. 2009

Managing Diversity Strategies Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managing Diversity Strategies - Article Example In summary, the article portrays diversity management as a business strategy that requires training to employees in order to increase their ability to align their practices to the diversity requirement in both the external and internal business environments. Key points in the article are on the importance of authenticity in diverse management which requires the shunning of the tradition perception of the practice. Glenn also sensitizes on the importance of diversity management in growth, and how change evaluation is important is creating reliable diversity management strategies (2). The article is important in the chapter of study in that it addresses the queries on the significance of the approach in the workplace, how to effectively implement the process and how to develop appropriate diversity training techniques. The choice of the article is based on its ability to evaluate the future of diversity management as influenced by mandatory change in the corporate world. I agree with the arguments by Glenn since the article highlights accurate trends in the practice based on trends in diversity management. The article also provides reliable information since it uses case studies of companies that have successfully implemented diversity management strategies. Glenn, Llopis. Diversity Management is the Key to Growth: Make it Authentic. Forbes. June 13, 2011. Web. April 21, 2015.

Determine Specific heat capacity of water and metals Essay

Determine Specific heat capacity of water and metals - Essay Example During the experiment, precautionary measures were observed in order to prevent accidents by adhering to laboratory rules and regulations. While handling hot objects, direct contact was avoided and tongs were used to handle the metals. While transferring metals, splashing of hot water was prevented through gentle removal and dipping of the metal and thermometers in the beakers. To ensure that the metal cooled enough, running cold water on the metal surface and then dried. Measure the mass of the empty beaker record it, and then pour 500ml or 0.5 kg water into the beaker and measure the total mass. The mass of water is determened by subtracting the mass of the beaker from the total mass and recorded the mass (m). The table illustrates the data collected in the respective timeline during the experiment and recorded immediately. The data helps in drawing a chart that can be use to determine the value of R2 that is the line of best fit that is supposed to be 1. The chart is drawn from the data in Table 3 which will facilitate determining the closeness to the theoretical R2=1. From the chart the R2= 0.9913 which is very close to the optimum theoretical value. The equation of the trend line is y = 50.774x - 1266.6 that provides for a gradient of 50.774 and with a constant value of -1266.6. The specific heat capacity obtained for Water trial1 was (4076.25 J kg-1 â„Æ' -1) and trial2 (4080 J kg-1 â„Æ' -1). The specific heat capacity obtained for Aluminium was (890.37 J kg-1 â„Æ' -1) and that of Copper was (387.738 J kg-1 â„Æ' -1). Comparing these values with theoretical values, water, aluminium, copper are respectably (4185 J kg-1 â„Æ' -1), 897 (J kg-1 â„Æ' -1) and 385 (J kg-1 â„Æ' -1) (The Engineering Toolbox, n.d.), we can note a slight difference in the values. The values are not exactly the same as the theoretical values. The experimental error  is 2.25%. There are some explanations for this. Heat is lost to the surrounding during the transfer of

Economic Growth and Economic Fluctuations Essay

Economic Growth and Economic Fluctuations - Essay Example The economic theories and models examined would be the Solow Model, the human capital theory and screening model. The effects of governmental policies on the openness of the economy will also be examined here. The data given will serve as guiding force in the determination of the ability of our study country to achieve rapid short-term economic growth and long-term sustenance of a steady rate of growth. When charged with the responsibility of determining the best policy to foster long-term economic growth, it is vital to analyze many economic factors and trends. These factors include the impact of productivity, savings and depreciation on the economy as well as the economy's ability to sustain long-term growth under the given circumstances. In so doing, the Solow Model can serve as a general guidance in determining whether an economy can sustain long-term growth given the present combination of factors. In order to examine this it is vital to offer an operational definition of Solow's model. Solow's model is a model the increase in the capacity of a country's economy to produce goods and services over time. This increase theoretically implies that the well-being of the citizens will improve over time. According to Solow the increase can be determined utilizing a formula whereby the GDP is determined by combinations of inputs. Solow simplifies this very intricate function by presumi ng certain factors are held constant. One of the most fundamental simplifications is the assumption that a single good is produced by the economy in question. In so doing, the GDP is greatly simplified and its implications are clearly depicted. The other assumptions of the Solow model include the assumption that all data is collected on a time continuum, a single good is produced with a constant technology, there is no governmental or international trade, all factors of production are utilized to their full capacity, the growth within the labor force is constant. Utilizing the relationship existent between the savings and the investment and extending the Solow model further, we can assume that the depreciation rate, the amount of capital depreciation and the change in capital over time are held constant. The implications of this are such that in the long-run, we are able to yield a production function whereby Y = AF(K, L). Essentially, it establishes a relationship between capital stock and the economic output. Taking this one step further and assuming that labor input is held constant and there is a positive correlation between changes in capital and output we can see that in time additions to capital stock will yield additions in output. This relationship can be expressed in terms of labor and economic output. In so doing, we can determine the economic output for each individual in the society. The pertinent equation is y=Y/L and can be graphically depicted as follows: The Impact of Savings Rate on Long-term Economic Growth After having examined the production function, we need to examine a prudent question-Is it possible for our country of study to catch up with richer countries and at what rate will it occur In examining that question, we need to realize that according

Business Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business Information Systems - Essay Example The underlining of the weaknesses would fetch better design principals with reference to usability, efficient design, relational database and analytic techniques as well. The first section outlines the structure of the model and the various design principals which would be vividly discussed with screen dumps. The usability of the system is question is explored to its fullest extent. The second section would label the various strengths of the system in the light of analysis which is to be performed for the system. It would highlight the various instances of the system design principals and its ability to create a suitable design model. The structure of the model takes the shape of Microsoft Excel 2007 file which lays down various sheets over which the system is laid down. The first sheet is the index page which enlists all the sections that are present in the system and a click event is introduced to fetch links for that section. The various other sheets display the links from the main page and also accompanies a back button to the index page. It outlines the various features of the website and also features the data analysis page which analyzes the decisions to be made. The prime impact is the use of various controls which are used extensively like buttons to trace back, scroll buttons to navigate the larger sections of the textbox. The scroll buttons requires various kinds of mechanisms as changing them also affects the decision model. The various types of mechanisms for generating the exact match between system and reality has come to its fullest swing in this design. The layout of the input and output form is in accordance to standards. Their structure, layout and navigation is user orientated, its simplicity demonstrably fits context of use (Neilson, 2005). Navigation is efficient and interactive, which improves "flow" according to Myers (2007). The form asks for a lot of information the customer is aware of and would be able to fill up without

Several Choices Available - Highlighted Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Several Choices Available - Highlighted - Essay Example Dealing with the piracy to the software is a herculean task which has proven difficult even to the most developed parts of the world. Intellectual property right allows for the owner of an invention to posses the ownership of such creativity. Some of the ways in which intellectual property right ensures that the innovator is protected is through provision of patent, copyrights, designs as well as trademark. One of the most rampant problems that has increasingly grown in the world of software is its unlawful duplication and sharing as well as the piracy. Though software piracy has been a problem in United States and North America, the rate of piracy would not be compared to that of the other parts of the world. (Craig, P., Honick, R., & Burnett, M., 2005) This is majorly because in several parts of the world, copyrights and patent laws specifically those in the United States are not recognized in such places. Additionally, because it is quite easy to distribute the software, it becomes difficult to control the intellectual property rights beyond borders. For software privacy to be ensured there is a need for amalga mation of technology, education, and legislation that would be accompanied by enforcement. (Greg, A., 2009)The policies that need to be developed should be in a manner that ensure promotion of anti-piracy but in no means deterring the use of the software by the legal users. The illegal copying and sharing of software applications and packages that violates patent laws and software licenses would be referred to as software piracy. (Johns, A., 2009) Like laws that protect any other intellectual properties, such as literature, music and movies, software, Software is also protected by such laws. However, software is a new entrant within the intellectual property protection. Software piracy is not always considered as stealing considering that users only do that through making of copies as well as

Warren Buffet & His Organization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Warren Buffet & His Organization - Assignment Example This encourages the employees to be loyal to the company. Loyal employees usually devote all their energy to the work in order to ensure that the aims and objectives of the company are met. It is through this leadership and Warren is able to work closely with the employees. On the other hand, Warren understands the needs of the employees and is usually on the forefront in ensuring that the needs of the employees are met. The democratic nature of the leadership of Warren has enabled the employees to be willing to do their best in order to ensure that the organization is successful. Warren was aware of the importance of diversity in the workforce. This is considering that his organization has employees from different groups. According to the contingency theory, the nature in which the organization must relate plays an important role and the leaders should consider it. Warren always intend on promoting a good relationship between the members of the diverse groups. Teamwork is common in his organization and this promotes good relations between the members of diverse groups. Diversity at the organization is considered as a source of strength as each member has something unique to offer. On the other hand, he is good during the decision making process. Warren is usually flexible and this has been useful in ensuring that any situation can be dealt with within a short period of time. The approach used by Warren during the decision-making process is quite professional. The professionalism is useful in ensuring that a good relationship is developed with the stakeholders including the employees. The development of the right attitudes towards the other people is an important aspect that is utilized by Warren. This has been useful in terms of inspiring the employees and the members of staff at the organization. Warren cares about the lives of the people that he leads.

How did the discovery of the Americas impacted European life Essay

How did the discovery of the Americas impacted European life - Essay Example In this respect, Columbus’ discovery of a New World was a disappointment, because he had gone in search of western access to Japan and India. He failed to return to Spain loaded with spices. But next Spanish-backed explorations soon proved the value of the newly discovered lands (Kishlansky 358). The discoveries of Americas in the first place influenced the economic development of Europe. There began to emerge a colonial system that has accelerated the capitalist production in Western Europe and contributed to the accumulation of the large sums of money in the hands of bourgeoisie. The latter opened the door to the organization of the large enterprises. The discovery of new lands could not but influence the worldview of the European people, their religious, philosophical and religious thought. The discovery of Americas had also a huge impact on the European habits, because the first traders brought to Europe such integral parts of everyday life like chocolate and tobacco. Thes e products were unknown in Europe before. The influence of tobacco and drinking chocolate could not be questioned. Thus, the current paper discusses the impact that the discovery of Americas had on the Western European economy, on religious and philosophical thought, and on people’s everyday habits in the early modern period. ... The monopoly on these new markets guaranteed the rapid accumulation of capital in the countries of the Western Europe. There began the so-called â€Å"price revolution† (Fischer 68). It was caused by the import of large amounts of American gold and silver to Europe. During the 14th century the total amount of hard money in Europe increased more than 4 times. The large inflow of relatively cheap gold and silver led to the sharp drop of their value and to the significant increase in prices for agricultural and industrial products. The revolution in pries has strengthened the urban and rural bourgeoisie and advanced their incomes. The feudal lords were broken. The poorest peasants and workers suffered great damages due to the price revolution. The prices for agricultural products have grown to a much greater extent than for the luxuries (Fischer 77). In Spain, for example, due to the increasing costs a number of goods became uncompetitive. This was one of the reasons for the decl ine of the industry and commerce in this country. However, due to the same reasons the Dutch merchants came at the international stage as the leading trade agents. Gold inflation had a great impact on the industrial development, accelerating the transition to capitalism manufacturing. There was a sharp decline in the wages of the workers. Thought, the nominal value of the wages increased, it was not sufficient in comparison with price increases. In France, price revolution lead to the numerous peasants’ revolts, because they could not cope with burdensome taxes and rent they had to pay their lords. Naturally, when the prices for the goods of the first necessity became impossible, it led to the increasing discontent among masses (Spielvogel

Literacy Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Literacy Narrative - Essay Example At a moment, he had no prior role in my life while next moment he proved out to be a blessing in disguise, defining for me some purposefulness in life. I never had much regard for literacy and education but that event was pivotal in making me question my own ignorance and beliefs. A turning stone We were born and brought in Middle East, where Arabic was our primary native language while ability to speak English was an add-on. I never did much effort trying to learn other languages or seek education since Arabic sufficed all my needs to communicate on daily basis. I still can clearly visualize that day when I met Hashim for the first time at his home 6 years back when he invited Ali for lunch and Ali tagged me along. Hashim was only 11 years old then which makes him 5 years younger than me. After getting done with our meals, we rested in couch while Hashim connected his laptop to internet. After signing in to Windows Live Messenger, he called out to me, ‘Hey, give me your email address so I can add you to my friends’ list and we can chat online sometimes’. This came as a shock for me as I wasn’t expecting him to be so fluent at English, especially at such young age, that he was capable of chatting online in this language. I still had to hear it from him once so I confirmed and received his confident reply, ‘Yes, I can speak in English fluently’. ... Soon I was able to realize that he belongs to an extremely rich family who must have spent massive amounts of money on his education. Nevertheless, that moment I promised myself that I shall work on my English language and soon be a fluent at writing, speaking and understanding it. To enable this, the very next day I joined a language institute to improve my English and enhanced my fluency within few days. This was a turning stone for my life and career: I got accepted at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, one of the best reputable universities in gulf countries. Additionally, the first year was a probation year where we had to go through extensive testing, including two English courses where the mentors were native English speakers. This also gave me an edge to get a better grip on American as well as British English language, terminologies and accent and distinctions between them. Due to my strong skills in the language, I was easily able to survive the first year with excellent grades. Concluding remarks Owing to my embarrassing moment triggered by Hashim’s question, not only did I get an aim and direction in life to be determined about, I also became part of a prestigious educational institution, built a strong career and have excellent communication skills in English language as of today. This was a crucial milestone in my life which modified my beliefs and attitude towards literacy. I became more mature and responsible and developed respect for educational concerns. Moreover, I started helping people in my vicinity to overcome their communication problems so they do not have to face similar embarrassing situation

Discuss How Shakespeare Uses Language Essay Example for Free

Discuss How Shakespeare Uses Language Essay Discuss how Shakespeare uses language and dramatic techniques for character development in Act 2 Scene 2 of Measure for Measure. Shakespeare uses a variety of linguistic devices and dramatic techniques for character development from Act 2 Scene 2 to Scene 4. We see Angelo’s precise, business-like persona transform to temptation, and final cruelty whilst we see the true, confident side of Isabella as as she attempts to convince Angelo to reverse his judgement, but eventually loses her ignorant hope on the realisation of his true ‘purpose’. In Act 2 Scene 2 Shakespeare portrays Angelo as precise, intelligently dealing with the pleas of Isabella to save the life of her brother by reversing the death sentence that has been handed down to him. The scene begins with the Provost and Angelo discussing Claudio’s punishment. The Provost dares to ask Angelo if he really wants Claudio murdered, ‘All sects, all ages smack of this vice, and he to die for’t!’, and Angelo states that he does, ‘Did not I tell yea? Hast thou no order? Why dost thou ask again? ’. Shakespeare instantly uses dramatic technique of foreshadowing the conflict that is to follow through the sharp words exchanged between the two. Provost then asks what’s to be done with the woman he got pregnant, Juliet. Angelo still refuses to relent, and says that Juliet, who is in labour, should go to a more fitting place, away from everything that is going on ‘Dispose of her To some more fitter place’ Shakespeare’s lexical choice conveys his ruthless nature to the audience, in this context would mean ‘send her away’, but of course reading the text using more modern language; ‘dispose’ is an unpleasant word, especially when referring to a human being, where it seems incongruous, especially in reference to a pregnant woman, thus subtly foreshadowing the revealing of Angelo’s animalistic nature later in the scene. Angelo also calls Juliet a ‘fornicatress’, the harsh constanents of the name once again conjuring the theme that is constantly present through the play, that of appearance versus reality. Although Juliet appears from Angelo’s quick appraisal to be just a sinful person, her reality is far more complex; she is much better than most women of the time, she is not a prostitute or adulterer, rather her only fault was not securing a marriage contract before she slept with her fiancee. She is actually a woman of strength and principle, not the simple sinner that Angelo’s developing harsh, cruel character reduces her to. Isabella comes to see Angelo innocently, as shy as she appeared in her first scene at the nunnery, and begins to plead with him for Claudio’s life, ‘I have a brother is condemned to die. I do beseech you, let it be his fault, And not my brother’. Angelo is portrayed to be business-like and unrelenting, ‘Condemn the fault, and not the actor of it? Why, every fault’s condemned ere it be done’ but Lucio urges her to persist, encouraging her ‘Ay, touch him, there’s the vein’ acting as a kind of Greek chorus for the audience. She does, and calls upon Angelo’s pity, mercy, and moderation; she recognises that Angelo has the power to enforce the law in full, but impresses upon him that one must use power with moderation. Isabella’s strategy is a keen one, trying to persuade Angelo to have the same mercy for her brother that she has. Once again, the issue of mercy is urged upon Angelo, as is the theme of human weakness, which all, Isabella stresses, fall victim to. Her character is portrayed as increasingly canny, when she has to be; her argument is strong and persuasive, although it is not her argument that causes Angelo to relent, but his attraction to her. Isabella also touches upon the theme of use of power; ‘it is excellent to have a giant’s strength,’ she tells Angelo, ‘but it is tyrannous to use it as a giant’, making an allusion to ‘Jove’ to demonstrate her point even the gods, with tremendous power, know how best to use their awesome abilities. This is another lesson that Angelo’s character must learn; for although he can use the law to its full extent if he wishes, he has to learn how to temper his power with mercy and heed moderation. Comparing the characters of Angelo and Isabella, one could argue that Isabella is ‘the symbol of goodness and mercy set against a background of moral decay’. Alternatively, one could see her character as self-righteous and hypocritical, as we later discover when she values her chastity higher than her brother’s life. Isabella continues arguing with Angelo until he finally relents and tells her to come back the next day to hear his judgement. Everyone leaves, and Angelo speaks a rather striking soliloquy, apparently talking to himself ‘†¦what art thou Angelo? Dost thou desire her foully for those things that make her good? ’. Thus, through Shakespeare’s staging, we learn that Angelo admits to himself that he is in love with Isabella because of her virtue and purity. Often characters in Shakespeare’s plays have soliloquies but they do not often refer to themselves in third person and when they do, it is often a sign of madness. Perhaps Shakespeare is suggesting this as a sign for Angelo. What is certain is that he is struggling with an inward battle between what he knows he should do and what he desires to do, as his develops and starts questioning the morality of his own character. It is with great irony that Isabellas call to Angelo to mark the weaknesses in his own heart is answered by Angelos acknowledgement that he is tempted by Isabella. It is this temptation that brings from Angelo his first statement of mercy toward Claudio: ‘O, let her brother live! Thieves for their robbery have authority when judges steal themselves!’ Shakespeare shows how Angelo realises that with experience of ones own weakness comes mercy for others failings; however, he soon ignores this lesson, and falls into hypocrisy in Act 2 Scene 4. In this scene, Isabella comes back the next day as Angelo had asked, and he begins by saying that Claudio must die. Isabella begins to leave, but Angelo begins to tempt her to save her brother, by offering herself instead. Isabella ignorantly misunderstands Angelo’s subtle sexual offer, and he is forced to tell her plainly that if she sleeps with him he will let Claudio live. Angelo accuses her of hypocrisy, and they discuss the frailty of women. In terms of character development in this scene, Angelo begins in a state of agitation, pondering why he cannot pray and with a new awareness of how the appearance of things might not be true to reality. Where before Angelo was unified in his intentions and actions, he has now become internally divided, ‘O place, O form, How often does thou with thy case, thy habit, Wrench awe from fools, and tie the wiser souls to thy false seeming! Blood, thou art blood. ’- questioning the power of authority, position and outward appearance to convince even wise men that false men are virtuous. Shakespeare uses language of coercion, ‘wrench’ and ‘tie’, and apostrophe – ‘O place, O form’ to perhaps illustrate the sophisticated and baffling nature of false appearances. Shakespeare also shows how Angelo is beginning to seduce Isabella with subtle and ambiguous lexis, but moving more and more towards blunt, harsh and animalistic discourse as the scene progresses. ‘I have begun, and now I give my sensual race the rein’; Shakespeare shows how Angelo has almost been possessed by his animal side. This is perhaps emphasised by the use of horse imagery, ‘race the rein’, as well as the use of plosives and dentals ‘fit they consent to my sharp appetite’, drawing attention to his teeth and lips, reinforcing his sexual lust and passion for Isabella. When Isabella enters, however, she meekly accepts Angelo’s judgement, but as the scene progresses she continues to find her voice. As Angelo descends into sensuality, she seems to become more pious and religously extreme, almost swapping roles with Angelo. ‘Th’ impression of keen whips I’d wear as rubies, and strip myself to death’ – Shakespeare uses images of love, death and falgellation to express her disgust at the idea of submitting to Angelo. Though the sentiment is spiritual, the language and images are highly physical, suggesting that her character would resist the carnal sexuality by yielding herself to more gruesome lovers: torture and death. Her innocence is also shattered by Angelo’s crass offer – she seems shocked to find out that justice might not be as perfect as it appears. Her naivety is gradually stripped away as Angelo easily overcomes her threat to expose him, and she sees that virtue does not necessarily triumph over iniquity. Yet, she still has ignorant faith in the honour of her brother, Claudio, and trusts that he will defend her honour even at the cost of his life.

The Moral Philosophy Of Virtue Ethics

The Moral Philosophy Of Virtue Ethics Virtue Ethics is a moral philosophy commonly attributed to Plato and Aristotle. The meaning of the word virtue for both was that of excellence. Although there are differences in their individual schools of thought, their outlook on morality is more or less the same. Both these philosophers came upon their understanding of ethics and morality while attempting to answer some fundamental question. For Plato, the question was, what is the good life? And for Aristotle this was, what do men fundamentally desire? In their individual attempts to answer these questions we find their theories of ethics. Plato described four cardinal virtues in his works. They were: Wisdom, Courage, Temperance and Justice, referring respectively to the following faculties of the human soul: Reason, Spirits, Appetites and justice being the correct balance of the first three, which according to him was the subservience of spirits and appetites to the faculty of reason. These virtues when properly exercised would lead to the development of an organized, well-balanced and hence virtuous individual. This well-balanced individual would be a happy person. So, Plato hypothesizes that it is a happy person who is leading a good life (hence, a good life is a happy life). He is happy because he is morally virtuous, morally virtuous because he is guided by reason and reason is knowledge. We now understand the first part of Platos theory that to be happy one must be morally virtuous. This leads to the second part of his theory that reason or that ultimate knowledge which is needed for morality comes from the Idea of Good. It is this Idea of Good which exists in the realm of Ideas, of immutable, unchanging Form which is the source and the final goal of all morality. And this Idea of Good is accessible only to the philosophers. Aristotle differs from the Platonic view over the concept of Forms and that knowledge of morality is a priori. According to him, moral principles are to be discovered through the study of mans life and his experiences and not from some obscure, formless world of ideals. In his search for the answer to what men fundamentally desire, Aristotle more or less comes to the same conclusion as Plato, which is the attainment of Eudaimonia, a term used by Aristotle and translated commonly as Happiness. As with Plato, Aristotle also believes that leading a virtuous life will lead to happiness. A virtuous life is one which is governed by reason. Reason in man has two functions. First is the use of reason (or the rational part of the soul) to control the irrational (appetitive, for e.g. emotions and vegetative, for e.g. breathing) part of the soul. The second is to use reason for the sake of deep analysis to come up with knowledge which in turn yields laws and principles to govern everyday life. He further states that virtue in man corresponds to these two functions of reason respectively: moral virtues and intellectual virtues. These moral and intellectual virtues are the mean between two vices. That is these virtues exist as the middle ground between two extremes. Moral virtues are those which based on rationality are ingrained in a man as his nature and are practiced by him out of habit. Examples of the moral virtues are courage and prudence etc. On the other hand, the intellectual virtues are those of exercising the rational part of the soul purely for the sake of reasoning, an example of which is wisdom. The former (moral virtues) are within reach of the ordinary man while the intellectual virtues fall in the domain of a few divinely blessed only. Finally, according to Aristotle it is the state of character of a person which makes him morally virtuous. This state of character is one of the three components of a mans personality. The other two being: the passions (e.g. anger or fear) and the faculties (e.g. ability to feel anger). It is the state of character which propels a man to choose between two extremes. Hence moral virtue is the state of character of a man which leads him to choose the golden mean. Let us take an example, proper pride is the mean between empty vanity and undue humility. To sum up Aristotles philosophy of ethics is that it is the character of man within which lies the power to choose. Hence it is not the act but the choice made between different forms of that act that morality is evident. NOTES William Lille, An Introduction to Ethics, (London: Methuen Co Ltd, 1971), 272. Ethel M. Albert, Theodore C. Denise and Sheldon P. Peterfreund, Great Traditions in Ethics, (New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1980), 11. Ibid., 38. Lille, An Introduction, 274, 277. Ethel M. Albert and others, Great, 11. Ibid., 29. Ibid., 38. Ibid., 46. Ibid., 48. Ibid., 39. Ibid., 50.

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ethnographic Studies Media Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ethnographic Studies Media Essay Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of adopting an ethnographic approach to the study of society. Answer with detailed reference to at least one ethnographic study. Essay outline: Introduction the ethnographic approach to the study of society has its advantages and disadvantages; some of the disadvantages can be avoided if the researcher is made aware of the risk of encountering them I will first try to define the ethnographic studies and then analyse this approach from different perspectives, namely regarding the researcher, the participants and, respectively, the research process and, thusly, the final result Contents definition of the ethnography and briefly naming a few distinctive characteristics of the ethnographic approach, which basically comprises conducting interviews and doing fieldwork three perspectives from which one could look at the advantages and disadvantages of adopting an ethnographic approach to the study of society: regarding the researcher time-consuming requires sustained effort and engagement personal safety of the researcher in peril however, it is rewarding regarding the subjects privacy preciseness of the information which could be affected either by the way the researcher records information, or by the participants themselves regarding the research process and, thus, affecting the final result, the complexity and accuracy of the information from the ethnography first hand data unavoidable subjectivity covert research issues related to social identities, which leads to prejudice data which cannot be generalised -practical use of ethnographic studies Conclusion Despite noting more possible flaws than strong points in using an ethnographic approach to study the social world which are due to the fact that the ethnographic approach is a more complex way of studying reality because it poses diverse problems offering a complex final study as well, its main advantage stands out: to describe and discuss in its complexity the way in which a part of society manifests itself. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethnographic Studies Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of adopting an ethnographic approach to the study of society. Answer with detailed reference to at least one ethnographic study. The grade of complexity and accuracy of the results of a social research depends on adopting the most appropriate method. Every research method has its advantages and disadvantages, this also being the case of ethnographies. However, some of the disadvantages can be avoided if the researcher is made aware of the risk of encountering them. In order to outline and discuss some of the most relevant characteristics of an ethnographic approach to the study of society, I will first try to define the ethnographic studies and then analyse this approach from different perspectives, namely regarding the researcher, the participants and, respectively, the research process and, thusly, the final result. The theoretical aspects presented throughout the essay will be supported with methodological observations from Sidewalk, Mitchell Duneiers ethnography of the people who earn a living on Sixth Avenue, in Greenwich Village. Before proceeding to analyse the characteristics of an ethnographic study, we should cast our attention on one general definitions of ethnography. One should bear in mind that there are multiple understandings of the ethnographic approach, influenced by different schools of thought (Atkinson and Hammersley, 2007). Nevertheless, the most complete definition of the ethnography I have encountered is the following: [E]thnography at least (in its minimal definition) is iterative-inductive research (that evolves in design through the study), drawing on a family of methods, involving direct and sustained contact with human agents, within the context of their daily lives (and cultures), watching what happens, listening to what is said, asking questions, and producing a richly written account that respects the irreducibility of human experience, that acknowledges the role of theory, as well as the researchers own role, and that views humans as part object/part subject (OReilly, 2005: 3). Therefore, by using an ethnographic approach to the study of society, the social researcher enters a particular social environment in order to understand the participants in-depth, also employing open-ended interviews with the help of which to comprehend more thoroughly the participants social behaviour. After having established the broad distinctive features of ethnographic studies, we can now look at the advantages and disadvantages of adopting this social research method from the perspective of the researcher itself, namely how conducting an ethnographic research influences him or her. Doing an ethnographic research is time consuming, requiring the fieldworker to spend enough time in order to be accepted into a particular social system and then observe and reliably interpret the social relations which develop in that specific environment, as an insider (OReilly, 2005), and so to understand other peoples own worldview (Taylor, 2002: 3); it is also important to regard the normal as unfamiliar (May, 2001: 157). The research Mitchell Duneier (2001) conducted for Sidewalk lasted, for example, more than four years. This aspect also enables ethnographers to conduct open research, such being the case for Duneier, as well, at the beginning of his research, according to the methodological s ection of Sidewalk: I had only approximate notions about what I would do with the data I collected and what I sought to learn (2001: 336); however, during his fieldwork the leading questions became clear. Engaging in doing ethnographic research has other consequences for the researcher as well. Having to adopt a different role than when using quantitative research methods, the researcher becomes instrumental in the process of collecting the data to be analysed (Padgett, 1998; Marshall and Rossman, 2006). Thus, doing fieldwork requires more effort and commitment from the researcher, as May argues: participant observation is the most personally demanding and analytically difficult method of social research to undertake (2001: 153). Furthermore, after collecting information, the ethnographer has to analyse it, so that to elaborate categories for the relevant social issues denoted by the subjects (Padgett, 1998). This happened to Duneier (2001) in the process of writing Sidewalk, when after spending two years studying Hakim, the main participant in the research, he realised, helped by the useful feedback given by Hakim after reading the manuscript of the study, that he had omitted several important aspects from the social life on the sidewalk. Another effect on the fieldworker discussed here is related to his or her personal safety. If dealing with dangerous subjects, and mainly if undergoing covert research, i.e. research that has not gained the full consent, and is not conducted with the full knowledge, of the participants (OReilly, 2005: 60), the safety of the fieldworker could be jeopardized, such being the case if one studies criminals or other deviant people, especially in their own environment. Moreover, in order to better understand the participants, the ethnographer could engage in dangerous activities, for example drug dealing or smuggling, or in activities which would normally be considered morally degrading if judged by the current social norms. Duneier (2001) could have decided, for example, to buy and consume drugs himself, like some of the participants; this, he could have thought, would have enabled him to better understand their perspective on society. As a conclusion to this section of the essay, one could note that the work of an ethnographer has more disadvantages than advantages. However, the researcher who engages in such an effort should be willing to make some sacrifices in order to achieve a more lively and accurate account of how a part of society functions, this being what ethnographies offer, some would argue. Furthermore, despite the possible inconvenients, the work of an ethnographer can be rewarding because ethnographic studies always have at least one named author. For example, Mitchell Duneier (2001) has received an award for his first ethnography, Slims Table, and also numerous critical acclaims for Sidewalk. The participants in an ethnographic research are affected in various ways by the admittance of the fieldworker in their social environment. One of the aspects which should be considered is the privacy of the people involved as subjects. It should be noted that in an ethnographic research, the right of human subjects to privacy comes into conflict with other rights such as the right of the public to know (Homan, 1991: 65). The main disadvantage for the subjects of ethnographies is that the researcher intrudes in their lives and perturbs them. Although this happens especially when the ethnographer overtly assumes the role of a participant observer, i.e. openly conducted research, he or she can consent and even enjoy taking part in an ethnographic study, as Hakim and Keith do, two participants in Duneiers ethnography. In this situation, however, in the case of interviews, the subject has the chance to present as clearly as possible the information the ethnographer wants to know, not bei ng constrained by pre-defined answers, even if this means that they can distort information (Padgett, 1998). In qualitative research projects, participants remain individualities in the final result of the study, this being the reason why an ethnographer should always seek informed consent for using the real identities of the people observed and exact information, as Duneier did: I have received permission to quote almost all the people who were taped without their knowledge (2001: 13). Mitchell Duneier (2001) made sure that the people presented in his ethnography were content with the way they were presented in the book by having several meetings with each of them in which he showed them the pictures and read them the passages in which they appeared. In case the participants do not agree with their identity being revealed, information about their lives can still be found in the ethnography; however, this poses ethical questions. The problem becomes more important when the researche r is a covert participant observer. In this case, the subject is not made aware of the fact that aspects of his or her life will be made public through an ethnography, this raising more ethical issues, as OReilly asserts: ethical considerations are arguably most likely to be overridden when research is covert (2005: 60). Finally, we will cast our attention on the positive and negative aspects of doing fieldwork and its result: the ethnographic study. In order to do so, it should be noted that adopting an ethnographic approach to the study of society implies participating in a natural process which takes place in a dynamic and unforeseen reality, where people act in different and complex ways (Padgett, 1998). Being a participant observer means collecting first hand data, a part exact, recorded by technical devices as tape recorders or photo cameras, another part filtered by the ethnographer (Bourgeois, 2002). Hence, de facto, writing an ethnographic study is a very subjective process, as Duneier admits: [l]ike all observers, I have my subjectivities. [†¦] [However,] I try to help the reader recognize the lens through which the reality is refracted (2001: 14). Subjectivity can be identified as well in the fact that the researcher observes only what is caught in his eyesight and has to select the g athered information. However, by using technical devices to accurately register the words of the participants, the level of subjectivity could diminish: the meanings of a culture are embodied, in part, in its language, which cannot be grasped by an outsider without attention to the choice and order of the words and sentences (Duneier, 2001: 339); therefore this possible disadvantage of the ethnographic approach can be eliminated. In order to be a good participant observer, one has to gain the trust of the other participants, either overtly or covertly. The advantage when researching covertly is that people can be observed in natural circumstances in their environment; however, this raises ethical issues. Undertaking overt research, as the case of Duneier in Sidewalk, has the advantage of being honest with the participants, but it influences the normal state of the social relations observed; in this particular situation, Duneier emphasises the fact that there are many things members of the different races will not say in one anothers presence (2001, 338). Hence, issues of social identity rise in cases similar to the one presented in Duneiers Sidewalk (2001): the differences of race, class and social status (and in other situations of age and sex as well) between the ethnographer and the participants in the research not only made the people observed be more reserved in what they told Duneier, but also posed pro blems to the ethnographer who had to surpass his prejudices which were due to his social background. This could affect the researchers goal [which] is to describe the symbols and values of such a culture without passing judgment based on his cultural context (Marshall and Rossman, 2006: 82). Another critique of the ethnographic approach is related to the qualities of the research process, to the unsystematic way of conducting the fieldwork and collecting data (Atkinson and Hammersley, 2007; Padgett, 1998). However, social life itself is guided by unknown laws which are not systematic, so this is an adaptive method of studying it. The critics would continue by stating that this approach [is] using small, non-representative samples to produce impressionistic findings vulnerable to almost any bias one could imagine (Padgett, 1998: 12). Nevertheless, ethnographic studies reveal and explain the complexity of the human relations in a limited particular environment, which goal Duneier (2001) achieves in his ethnography, after a long lasting labour and several versions of manuscripts. As Taylor writes, an ethnographic study is said to produce situated knowledge rather than universals and to capture the detail of social life (2002: 3) and, according to Gray, some critics argue th at the findings are inadequate in representativeness and generalisability, two key criteria of validity in sociological research (2003: 15). Moreover, due to the fact that ethnographies are the result of a researchers work carried throughout long periods of time, they show a more accurate image of society, unlike the quantitative methods which register the reality of a particular moment in time. Moreover, by having contact with the world the interviewee is referring to, the ethnographer can discern what is true or plausible in his or her statements (Weinberg, 2002). Furthermore, the researcher can also make use of information related to aspects of their lives which are considered unimportant by the research participant. Duneier (2001) recalls a situation when he was rendered confused by an interviewee, without his intention; the ethnographer could realise which was the real situation because of his findings. The last point to be highlighted in this essay regards the practical use of ethnographic studies in comparison to quantitative analysis. If the latter is more useful for developing strategies, the work of an ethnographer resembles more the work of a writer; its use is not often that of changing policies, one of its critiques being concerned with its lack of impact on policy-making and practice, its limited payoff in the everyday worlds of politics and work (Atkinson and Hammersley, 2007: 17). Duneier (2001) emphasises in Sidewalk the importance of using the conclusions drawn from the ethnography to change policies and prejudices; apart from the measure he suggests the authorities should take, Duneier states that only by understanding the rich social organization of the sidewalk, in all its complexity, might citizens and politicians appreciate how much is lost when we accept the idea that the presence of a few broken windows justifies tearing down the whole informal structure (2001: 3 15). Besides the ineffective attempt to change policies, ethnographies can determine the readers to think in a different manner about what is happening around them, i.e. to think sociologically; I would say that the use of ethnographies is more personal, as is their subject. After reading Sidewalk, for example, it is desirable that people should start looking at least at the street vendors and panhandlers with different eyes, not expressing ready-made assumptions about them. To conclude, in this essay I have analysed a small part of the possible advantages and disadvantages of adopting an ethnographic approach to the study of society. I have looked at the effects of the decision to employ this research method on the researcher him/herself, on the participants and on the process and result of the research, drawing on examples from Mitchell Duneiers Sidewalk (2001). Despite noting more possible flaws than strong points in using an ethnographic approach to study the social world which are due to the fact that the ethnographic approach is a more complex way of studying reality because it poses diverse problems, offering a complex final study as well, its main advantage stands out: to describe and discuss in its complexity the way in which a part of society manifests itself. Word count: 2399 Mark: 65 (Mid Upper 2nd)

Who I am hates who Ive been :: essays research papers

Just Another Face in the Crowd On September 26, 2004, I went to visit my uncle in Powder Springs, Georgia. I had gotten into some trouble at home and needed a place to get away for a few weeks. As time passed, those few weeks turned into five months and my get away destination turned into the place I now call home. I never thought when I went for a visit that I would live there permanently. It never crossed my mind that moving was probably the smartest decision that I have ever made. Before I moved to Georgia, I was perfectly content to wait tables for the rest of my life. As long as I had enough money to keep up with my cell phone bill, pay for my tanning membership each month, and buy a new pair of jeans every now and then I was happy. My childhood dreams of becoming a dancer or a doctor had somehow been pushed to the back of my mind. I was an expert at giving my parents one hundred and one logical reasons why I did not need to go to college, or get a better paying job. I lacked ambition and the desire to be anything more than the people I was around everyday. All of that changed when I moved to Georgia. Instead of being surrounded by people content with just getting by, I was surrounded by hard- working, ambitious people. Instead of living for the moment, they work today and plan for tomorrow. Being around these people as caused me to want more from life than to just survive. I want to thrive. I had lived in Florida ever since I was two years old. By the time I was seventeen I knew enough people to feel secure with my circle of friends. I never felt the need to reach out and make new friends. I felt safe with the group I had been with for so long, and besides, making new friends took to much effort. Moving to a completely different state completely altered my way of thinking. I was faced with a choice. I could either keep to myself and not make any friends or I could step out and be a friend to people I had never met before. I had never liked being alone so I chose to step out and the results were rewarding.

Fireworks :: essays research papers

Every year, America celebrates many holidays with fireworks. One of the most popular selections is a Roman Candle. If you want to try to make this at home, common pyrotechnics stores have all the supplies you would need. Just think of the â€Å"oohhs† and â€Å"ahhhhs† when you light off your homemade fireworks at home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, you need a sturdy, good tube. The tube should be cylindrical and should be at least 3/32 of an inch thick. The opening at the top of your tube should have a 5/8 inch opening. Then take a 1/16 inch fuse, make sure it covers the whole tube and sticks out a little bit, just like any other firework and keep the tube in place by using tape. Next, 1.25 grams of 3F BP should be poured into the tube. Then, gently put a one-half inch star down the tube. This is what will go up into the air and is responsible for the shots. Then, put some sawdust through the tube. Make sure the sawdust is evenly spread and turn the tube over. All contents should not fall out if this is done correctly. Make sure you use some sort of mechanism to push down upon the sawdust. Keep repeating these instructions. The tube should consist of bp, star, sawdust, bp, star, and sawdust for as many shots as you want. Good Luck with your newly made Roman Candle and have a safe experience. Next, we will examine how to make a salute go up in the air. Salutes are generally products that make a Kaboom sound when launched.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The lifting cup is made when you glue kraft paper that overhangs the salute. Next, you add some lift usually gunpowder to propel it. The inner paper should be glued with a small device or a glue gun. Meanwhile, while the glue is wet fold the paper into quarters. Place a cut in the newly formed pouch and add a piece of quick match. Now, we will learn how to make salute inserts. First off, buy some top- notch 3 inch tubes. Take all of your tubes and set them on a piece of tin foil. Secondly, you need to fill a tube to the top with hot glue and as the glue is about to dry put it into the freezer for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes is up pull the tin foil off of the tubes and put toilet paper down the open end of the tube.

Korea: MacArthurs war with Truman :: essays research papers

Korea: MacArthur’s war with Truman 1946-1952 The movie starts out with a pretty good background on the whole Korean War. It tells of how after WW II, Korea, at that time was ruled as a colony of Japan, was split along the 38th parallel. With the Russians controlling North Korea, and the U.S. backing South Korea. Both the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. chose leaders from the countries to be more of a governor than a president for the two nations. MacArthur, though in many ways was a failed general in that he lost many troops and strategic strong holds, was still a very popular â€Å"hero† from WW II. Although it depends on who you talk to. My great-grand father was U.S.S. Colorado and everyone in the Pacific during the was thought MacArthur was a horrible leader, and commander. MacArthur tended to make his own choices on U.S. foreign policy. MacArthur wanted to take troops all the way up to the Yule River on the border of Korea and China. Truman hated MacArthur for this, absolutely hated him. Truman felt that MacArthur’s daring had unduly escalated the war. China was now involved, and Truman feared Russia was to follow. Even though at that time Russia was considered a friend, Truman knew it was only one major conflict away from another world war. MacArthur wanted to bring in Chinese nationalist from Thailand into the war and attack Mainland China. MacArthur even went as far as to fly to Thailand and meet with na tionalist leaders to discuss doing so. MacArthur even suggested using up to 20 atomic bombs on strategic Chinese locations. He did not want his soldiers to die for a stalemate, he wanted total victory. Both Truman, and the U.S. Joint Chief’s of Staff (a collection of high ranking officers from all of the armed forces) disapproved of MacArthur’s actions, but were reluctant to do anything about it because of his tremendous popularity. In Tokyo, MacArthur met with diplomats from Spain and Portugal, and made it clear he wanted war with China. The diplomats related this to their home governments in telegrams that were intercepted by the NSA (National Security Agency). This was reported to Truman and he knew that MacArthur needed to be fired. The problem was that Truman could not report that the US had been listening in on other countries secret communications. So Truman was forced to wait until there was another reason to let MacArthur go, one that could be published and not embarrass the US.

And the Fraud Continues

1. ) Discuss the Internal control weaknesses that existed at MCI that contributed to the commission of this fraud: MCI biggest internal control weaknesses at was Pavlo. Pavlo was able to manipulate MCI account receivable system which he helped to create and develop. When the same employee is able to receive and update payments, the chance of manipulation and embezzlement of funds is very high. By one person being able to record accounts receivable, or even reconcile the company's bank account, he/she may be able to embezzle money from the company. This is what happens to MCI with Pavlo, through the following: a. By writing off a companies account receivables and converting them into notes receivable, Asset are created on the balance sheet. When customers are unable or may not pay their debts, companies may be able to write-off bad debts on their income tax returns. Companies’ accounts receivable can present a problem when only a few employees are available to manage company fi nances. By allowing the same employee to receive payments, update accounts receivable records, and reconcile the company's bank account, he/she may be able to embezzle money from the company. b. Unapplied cash was used for the bad debt and slow payments. By allocations of delinquent or bad receivables, made the expenses related to the write off of the receivables will not be entered on the income statement. c. Credit Holds was used. MCI called customers in regards to their past due account receivables. MCI were told by the customer that they were sending a payment immediately, MCI credited their receivables before receiving the cash. By Pavlo’s manipulating the account receivable it helped him delayed the inevitable. The recognition of bad debt and uncollected receivables that have to be expensed on the income statement. . Identify and justify the approach you would take if you suspected fraudulent activity within an organization where you work: Should I suspect fraudulent activity within an organization. I would investigate the suspected activity and reporting the suspected activity to the correct personnel. The Internal Auditor’s Office should coordinate investigations of fraud, waste, or abuse. Employees shall not de stroy any document or record of any kind that may be relevant to a past, present, or future investigation of fraud, waste, or abuse. The application of professional skepticism is essential any audit investigation. Professional skepticism in auditing implies an attitude that includes a questioning mind and a critical assessment of audit evidence without being obsessively suspicious or skeptical. Don’t make matters worse by getting into legal liability by the way you handle the matter. Do not speak to anyone about the person that's suspected of committing the fraud before reporting it to management. By speaking to someone other than management you could be sued for slander. Consult an attorney who specializes in employment-related matters. When an employee has knowledge of fraud, waste, or abuse has good reason to suspect that such conduct has occurred should adhere to the procedures in the Organization’s Policy. When suspected fraudulent activity, waste, or abuse is observed by, or made known to an employee. The employee should immediately report the activity to his/her direct supervisor. If an employee believes that their supervisor are involved in the activity, he/she should immediately report the activity to the supervisor’s manager as well as the CFO and CEO. If an employee believes that the supervisor’s, management and/or the CEO may be involved with the activity, the employee should either contact the Internal Auditor directly or file a report via the Fraud, Waste, and Abuse Referral System also known as the Fraud, Waste, and Abuse Hotline, (McMullen, A. (2012). When an employee is suspected of any activity, he or she should not make any attempt to investigate the suspected activity prior to reporting it. The Internal Auditor’s Office will coordinate investigations of fraud, waste, or abuse. The employee should not destroy any document or record that he or she knows may be relevant to a past, present, or future investigation of fraud, waste or abuse. Employees that suspect violation or who have questions, complaints or suggestions, should share their concerns with someone who can address them properly. Thus, it's a myth that fraud is a big scheme that should be uncovered sooner and easy to detect. Most all fraud starts small and then gets bigger and bigger, until something becomes noticeably different or unusual. Once fraudulent activity has been noted, someone should take action to investigate the situation and determine if a fraud has been committed. Being aware of these activity are only step one and is usually not enough for the organization. Once these activity are identified, you must take action to determine its effect. Evaluating the fraudulent activity may be accomplished by financial analysis, observation or by any other technique that tests an apparent weakness. Once the analysis is complete it’s time to move on to correct the situation (Wells, 2012). . Critique the ethical nature of Pavlo’s actions in this case: Walt Pavlo, the Credit Collections Manager at MCI Telecommunications, Inc. Falsified MCI accounts receivables and stole $6 million from MCI, spoke of greed, opportunity, and culture. His testimony and facts, however, provides a far different view. This was a willful, active fraud involving a very small group of customers, executed by a very small group of peo ple. As a Fraudsters and white-collar, he acted deliberately, out of greed, power and perhaps even stupidity and ultimately got caught. These perpetrators exhibited many typical fraud behaviors. White-collar criminal that involves embezzlement and breach of trust being the prevalent modes involved. Pavlo had to collect on debts owed to MCI by large corporate clients. Pavlo's job was not easy. MCI extended large amount of credit to high-risk customers and refused to write-off receivables as bad debt. By doing this, MCI was in violation of accounting principles. Pavol was desperate to keep his job, he began to employ suspect accounting techniques to hide the unpaid debt. By falsification of accounting record in contravention of Pavlo, also found a way to siphon off $6 million for personal aggrandizement (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg, 121). Pavlo claim of trying unsuccessfully to get MCI to take a $180 million charge blatantly conflicts with the facts. In a 2002 article, Pavlo had claimed the number was $88 million. Either inflation has increased his number or he didn’t review his earlier stories! Pavlo’s actions was illegal which would be characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust. Which are not dependent upon the application or threat of force or violence. Pavlo action was a self-centered and motivated by his own greed, without regard for ethics or fiduciary duty to co-workers, and stakeholder (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 121). When it comes to Walter Pavlo Jr. and the choices he made. The phrase â€Å"power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely† is false. Having power alone does not have the ability to corrupt, but it does provides one of the three elements necessary for a person to commit a fraudulent act. Trusted persons sometimes become trust violators. When they conceive themselves as having a financial problem which is non-sharable, are aware these problem can be secretly resolved by violation of the position of financial trust and are able to apply to their own conduct which enable them to adjust their conceptions of themselves as trusted (Coenen 2009). Regardless of what moral code may be in place. Corruption occurs when a person breaks the moral code or principle that pertains to him or her. Which is what Pavlo did. According to the fraud triangle, in every instance of fraud three elements are present: motivation, opportunity, and rationalization (Coenen 2009). This theory was developed to help identify possible fraud, a name given to corruption within a business, it also applies to corruption in general. In order for corruption to happen, an individual or group of individuals, must have motivation, opportunity, and significant rationale to justify committing a fraudulent act. Because three elements must harmoniously combine to create an environment in which one may act corruptly, only one of the three elements needs thwarting to break the triangle and prevent corruption (Wells, 2012). All element of the fraud triangle must be present to break a moral code. The first element necessary where corruption may occur is motivation. Motivation can include a financial need, such as the need to take care of an ill parent who is quickly accumulating medical expenses far beyond what his or her family can pay. But motivation to commit a corrupt act can include perceived need also. When a person may be earning enough money to cover all of his or her needs, but he or she may feel driven to commit a corrupt act by a strong desire for a higher standard of living than he or she can not afford. A person may also come motivated by non-financial pressure to commit a corrupt act. A person can also be motivated by non-financial pressure to commit a corrupt act (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 121). The second element which must be in place to commit a corrupt act is rationalization. Humans have the complex ability to think deductively, inductively, and process large amounts of information to make rational decisions. Unfortunately, one’s ability to â€Å"employ reason† (rationalize) may or may not lead him or her down the right path. Pavlo’s story provides an excellent example of poor reasoning. Pavlo rationalized stealing from MCI by telling himself that MCI was committing much more heinous crimes than he was. He believed that MCI was so crooked that it could not come after him for doing the much lesser crime of stealing a few accounts receivables (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 257). Pavlo’s opportunity to pilfer accounts receivables was granted to him by MCI’s poor control environment. Pavlo often engaged the accounts receivable department in a practice known as accounts receivable lapping, posting payments received from one customer to another’s account to make overdue accounts appear current, in order to meet corporate bad debt expense goals (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 101). MCI’s management encouraged and rewarded Pavlo for accounts receivable lapping and many other inventive and extremely illegal acts that helped MCI reach its projected financial numbers. MCI’s flagrant desire to illegally hide its bad debt gave Pavlo the opportunity to conceal the accounts receivable he was thieving within the constant myriad of lies that constituted MCI’s financial department (Wells, 2012). He was involved in asset Misappropriation: Asset misappropriation schemes are frauds in which the perpetrator steals or misuses an organization’s resources. Common examples of asset misappropriation include false invoicing, payroll fraud, and skimming (Kranacher, Riley, and Wells, 2010). Corruption: In the context of occupational fraud, corruption refers to schemes in which fraudsters use their influence in business transactions in a way that violates their duty to their employers in order to obtain a benefit for themselves or someone else. For example, employees might receive or offer bribes, extort funds from third parties, or engage in conflicts of interest. Financial Statement Fraud: The third category of occupational fraud, financial statement fraud, involves the intentional misstatement or omission of material information from the organization’s financial reports; these are the cases of â€Å"cooking the books† that often make front page headlines. Financial statement fraud cases often involve the reporting of fictitious revenues or the concealment of expenses or liabilities in order to make an organization appear more profitable than it really is (Kranacher, Riley and Wells, 2010). It is fact that during 1996, MCI wrote off $120 million of carrier receivables and recognized even more exposure by adding to bad debt reserves. So, his claim that MCI â€Å"hid† bad debt expense is just bogus. He further claims â€Å"his bosses† said the maximum that could be written down would be $15 million, and that is also senseless (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 257). 4. Apply one (1) theory related to crime causation to this case: No one theory of crime explains all criminal activity and most theories are complementary to one another. You should approach crime causation with a multidimensional view because of the vast complexities involved in human actions and interactions. With that in mind, let’s take a look at one of the prominent theories that appears to relate to Pavlo’s fraud case. Social engineering/Social learning theory causation: They learn to engage in crime, primarily through their association with others. They are reinforced for crime, they learn beliefs that are favorable to crime, and they are exposed to criminal models. As a consequence, they come to view crime as something that is desirable or at least justifiable in certain situations. The primary version of social learning theory in criminology is that of Ronald Akers and the[pic] description that follows draws heavily on his work. Akers's theory, in turn, represents an elaboration of Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory. The Sociological school of crime causation defines that social disorganization is a major factor in criminal behaviors. Specifically the Sociological Theories theorize that the impact of individuals with the surroundings, groups, and social environment can dictate criminal behavior. Under this school of crime causation crime can be the growth of subgroup relationships (McMullen, 2012). According to Weinberg’s research, white-collar criminals are not just ordinary people; they are smart, well-educated and ambitious. They often start as wide-eye fresh graduate’s at large corporations of which profit-driven culture infiltrates all levels within. Why do they turn out to be the thieves stealing from the economy $2. trillion per year? Weinberg argues that these people like Pavlo, do not just wake up one day and decide to commit in a greed-inspired fraud. In fact, only 7% of perpetrators have prior conviction. They operate business under the performance pressure from investors, and stockholders, which present opportunities for companies to hide flaws and falsify earnings at multiple levels. Wei nberg presents a triangle of Need/Incentives, Opportunity, and Rationalization as a combined force triggering ordinary people to commit extraordinary crimes. In his book, he suggests that by pushing ethics education at school and setting the right tone at the top, we can reduce the damages caused by corporate frauds (Kranacher, Riley, and Wells, 2010). The connection between fraud and the â€Å"tone at the top† of an organization has received international attention over the last few years. Tone at the top refers to the ethical atmosphere that is created in the workplace by the organization's leadership. Whatever tone management sets will have a trickle-down effect on employees of the company. If the tone set by managers upholds ethics and integrity, employees will be more inclined to uphold those same values. However, if upper management appears unconcerned with ethics and focuses solely on the bottom line, employees will be more prone to commit fraud because they feel that ethical conduct is not a focus or priority within the organization. Employees pay close attention to the behavior and actions of their bosses, and they follow their lead. In short, employees will do what they witness their bosses doing (McMullen, 2012).