Lightweight Directory Access Protocol free essay sample

Network directories on the other hand are specialized databases that store information about devices, applications, people and other aspects of a computer network. It is an Internet protocol that e mail and other programs use to look up information from a server. It is not limited to contact information or information about people. It is appropriate for any kind of directory like information where fast look-ups and less frequent updates exist. It was created in 1995 as an academic university project, and then commercialized by Netscape in the late 1990’s. t is finding much acceptance because of its status as an Internet standard. It can also be customized to store any type of text or binary data. It is important to note that it is not a directory but a protocol. However, it organizes information in a hierarchical manner using directories. And these directories can store a variety of information and can even be used like a Network Information Service (NIS). We will write a custom essay sample on Lightweight Directory Access Protocol or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hence, enabling anyone to access their account from any machine on the LDAP enabled network. In many cases, it is used as a virtual phone directory, allowing users to easily access contact information of other users. But it is more flexible than a phone directory. This is because it is capable of referring a query to other LDAP servers throughout the world. Thus, providing an ad-hoc global repository of information. It is hoped that at the end of this discourse on LDAP even a layman would have a simple yet clear understanding of what LDAP is. To give its advantage over X500. To reveal the purpose, and use of LDAP generally. Protocol is it is pertinent to understand what a directory and protocol is. A directory is an organized set of records: e. g. , a telephone directory which is an alphabetical list of persons and organizations with an address and phone number in each record. A directory is also a way in which complex information is organized, making it easy to find. Directories list resources—for example, people, books in a library, or merchandise in a department store—and give details about each one. They can be either offline—for example, a telephone book or a department store catalog—or online. The word protocol is from the Greek word â€Å"protocollon† which was a leaf of paper glued to a manuscript volume, describing its contents. A protocol can be said to be a description of a set of procedures to be followed when communicating. Protocols are to communication what programming languages are to computations. They can also be used to describe what grammar is to language. In information technology, it is a set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they communicate. Protocols exist at various levels in a telecommunication connection. For example, there are protocols for the interchange of data at the hard ware devise level as well as at the application program level. In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), there are one or more protocols at each layer in the telecommunication exchange that both ends of the exchange must recognize and observe. On the internet, we have the TCP/IP protocols which comprise of: * Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which is a set of rules to exchange messages with other internet points at the information packet level * Internet Protocol (IP), which makes use of a set of rules to send and receive messages at the Internet address level. * Other protocols that include the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP), each being defined set of rules to use with corresponding programs elsewhere on the internet. With this in view we can now say in this context that a Light Weight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is a set of rules that enables us to read and edit organized set of records, resources or information. This is to put it in the simplest of terms for easy understanding. According to Donelly (2008) Strictly speaking, though, LDAP isn’t a database at all , but a protocol used to access information stored in an information directory (also known as an LDAP directory). A more precise formulation might look something like this: Using LDAP, data will be retrieved from (or stored in) the correct location within an information directory. LDAP is a standard, extensible Directory Access Protocol. It is a common language that LDAP clients and servers use to communicate. It requires a minimal amount of networking software on the client side, which makes it particularly attractive for Internet-based, thin client applications. LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a simplified ver sion of the DAP (Directory Access Protocol) protocol, which is used to gain access to X. 500 directories. LDAP was designed at the University of Michigan to adapt a complex enterprise directory system (called X. 500) to the modern Internet. Unknown (2004). At this point you may be wondering what the X500 is. X. 500 Directory Service is a standard way to develop an electronic directory of people in an organization so that it can be part of a global directory available to anyone in the world with Internet access. X. 500 is an overall model for Directory Services in the OSI world. Such a directory is sometimes called a global White Pages directory. The idea is to be able to look up people in a user-friendly way by name, department, or organization. Many enterprises and institution have created an X500 directory. Because these directories are organized as part of a single global directory, you can search for hundreds of thousands of people from a single place on the World Wide Web. X. 500 is an international standard for directories and full-featured, but it is also complex, requiring a lot of computing resources and the full OSI stack. Thus making it difficult to run easily on a PC and over TCP/IP. The X500 is too heavy to support on desktops and over the internet, hence the need for a lightweight protocol. A lightweight protocol is any of a class of protocols designed for use on high speed inter-networks, e. g. LDAP is an open protocol, and applications are independent of the server platform hosting the directory. However, LDAP is like X500 in the sense that it is both an information model and a protocol for querying and manipulating it. LDAP’s data and name space model is essentially that of X500. The major difference is that the LDAP protocol is designed to run directly over the TCP/IP stack. The main thing about the X500 is that it defines a global directory structure. This means that anyone with an X500 or LDAP client may peruse the global directory just as they can use a web browser to peruse the global web. As a protocol, LDAP does not define how programs work on either the client or server side. It defines the language used for client programs to talk to servers (and servers to servers, too). It can be used to access a standalone directory service or a directory service that is back ended by X500. The LDAP protocol is both cross-platform and standards-based, so applications neednt worry about the type of server hosting the directory. In fact, LDAP is finding much wider industry acceptance because of its status as an Internet standard. Under them in the hierarchy might be entries for smaller organization and so on down. The hierarchy might end with people or resources. Each entry is identified by a Distinguished Name (DN). A Distinguished Name consists of a name that uniquely identifies the entry at that hierarchical level (e. g. Peter and Paul and Mary are different user ID’s that identify different entries at the same level) and a path of names that trace the entry back to the root of the tree. Where o represents the organization, and is the root of the tree ou refers to the organizational unit which is a unit within the organization uid refers to user ID of the entry. WHY USE LDAP? The main benefit of using LDAP is that information for an entire organization can be consolidated into a central repository. That is LDAP can be used as a central directory that is accessible from anywhere on the network. LDAP makes for ease of access across platforms. To buttress this, (Donelly, 2008) says â€Å"Perhaps the biggest plus for LDAP is that your company can access the LDAP directory from almost any computing platform, from any one of the increasing number of readily available, LDAP-aware applications. Its also easy to customize your companys internal applications to add LDAP support†. LDAP also supports a number of back-end databases in which to store directories. This allows administrators the flexibility to deploy the database best suited for the type of information the server is to disseminate. Hence, it has the ability to distribute servers to where they are needed. LDAP allows you locate organizations, individuals, and other resources such as files and devices in a network, whether on the Internet or on a corporate intranet, and whether or not you know the domain name, IP address, or geographic whereabouts. (Donelly, 2008).

Socoilogy Essays

Socoilogy Essays Socoilogy Essay Socoilogy Essay The harder you work, the luckier you become (Closer 13) is a philosophy that has exemplified the American dream for decades, also this is something one of the fast food industries founding father Carl Coacher lived by. However, looking at Carols personal success from sociological stand point it leads many to believe that other significant factors also lent a helping hand in creating Carols success. Carl was born and raised in Upper Sandusky, Ohio and was the son of a sharecropper. In the era of the Great Depression the future wasnt very bright for Karl in Ohio. The first significant break Karl got was a Job offer in Anaheim, California. Fortunately for Carl there was a large German immigrant population settled in the area where Carols Uncle Ben lived. This allowed him to work in peace in a location settled by the UK Klux Klan. With that being said simply due to Carols ethnicity he was giving an advantage. Moreover, despite Carols humble beginnings as a farmhand and an elementary school dropout he was determined to climb higher up the social ladder. Another factor that aided him in this process was the time period in which he lived. Southern California had birthed a completely new way of living post World War II, and this included an entirely new way Americans ate their meals. This changed way of living of course all revolved around the affordability of the automobile. Now that automobiles were available to the public at a reasonable price Americans felt a new sense of independence. This was key to Carols success he decided to capitalize on Americas love of the automobile and the laziness that came with it. He was also able to obtain a $311 dollar loan from Bank of America using his own automobile as lateral making the automobile useful to him in more ways than one. Besides great timing and wonderful opportunity, another factor which played a huge role in Carols success was the prime location of California. California was one of America fast growing and promising states, between 1920 and 1940 the population of Southern California nearly tripled. Due the east becoming more diverse and California ads promising large real estate, warm climate, and good living many Anglo- Saxon middle class Americans flocked there in hope of a new life. Sociology By Doggy

(Book Review) Social policy and practice in Canada Essay

(Book Review) Social policy and practice in Canada - Essay Example This book is truly the first of its kind in regards to this subject matter that has been able to provide an insightful and critical perspective on the entire evolutionary process of social policy in the country. Furthermore, Alvin Finkel proves himself as being an extraordinary author, as he divulges into issues that have never been discussed - or even thought of, in some cases - before. In order to be able to understand this book better, the entire work must be thoroughly examined and discussed, and by doing this we will not only be able to gain a more informed and understanding viewpoint on the literary work itself, but as well on the author and on what his purpose was for writing this book. This is what will be dissertated in the following. Social Policy and Practice is a book which starts off by giving a historical point of view in regards to the history of the social policies that have taken place within Canada, and one of the first issues in particular that he discusses is that of how "Canada's constitutional development reflects the history of Canada itself, its maturation into a self-governing democracy, and the steady advent of new ideas and conditions" (22). It is pointed out that the Constitution has changed considerably over the years and that this has made a strong impact on the country of Canada overall, and that these changes have greatly influenced the different social policies and practices that have come about. Finkel then begins to discuss the actual history of constitutional antecedents, and he makes particular note of the fact that Canada's political and constitutional development actually did not begin with the arrival of the first European settlers, contrary to the majority of the world's beliefs, but rather "Formal constitutional development in Canada began with the Edict creating the Sovereign Council of Quebec in 1663, whereby the French established New France as a royal province and made provision for civil government" (26). He continues for several chapters discussing the actual origin of Canada and the onset of the most basic and most intermediate social policies and practices of the countries, and uses analogies and comparisons between Canada and other industrialized countries in order to show the striking and significant differences that exist here. We can see from this alone that Canada is a country which is really in crisis in this regards, as there are a number of large and imperative issues that are facing the country as a whole. Finkel makes very clear in the very beginning of the book the fact of how important and dire it is to have proper and efficient social policies and practices in any country, and that however there are more problems in this regards with Canada than basically any other industrialized nations. He then begins on the issue of the current social policy review process in Canada, and he states that there is a setting for this current debate on the social policies in Canada which truly parallels that of most other industrialized countries in the world, and that "Common features include a secular growth slowdown topped by a recession in the early 1990s, an aging population requiring higher transfer and health-care expenditures, rising needs and costs associated with the increasing prevalence of the single-parent family, and

Handgun control laws Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Handgun control laws - Research Paper Example Strict laws have brought differing outcomes; in Japan and United Kingdom, it has reduced violence rates but in Mexico and Brazil, it has led to extreme or substantial violence (Miron 1). Stricter handgun controls laws and licensing are necessary to save lives. Since the year 1934, there have been a number of gun control laws such as The Federal Firearms Act (1938), The National Firearms Act (1934), The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (1972), The Firearms Owner Protection Act (1986), and National Instant Criminal Background Check System (2007) (Schwartz 1). In 2011, the Obama Administration began a number of modifications designed to tighten penalties and regulations under the present laws. The changes will entail strengthening of the national electronic system through the collection of new information. This is an effort to make the background checks for buyers of handgun fast and simple. The checks under James Brady law will leave an electronic paper. The law is named after James Brady who was Ronald Reagan’s press secretary; in 1981, he was wounded after an assassination attempt on President Reagan. Other changes include tougher sentencing guidelines for the straw buyers (Solomon and Stone 1). However, in the past few months, the Obama Administration seems to have gone mum on gun control. In the courts, it remains alive despite the fact that it has gone dead politically. Gun control is generally seen as bad politics. In 1993, Bill Clinton passed the Brady Handgun Violence Protection Act, however, after Republicans ended Democrats reign in 1994, Clinton blamed gun control. Since the 1980s, state legislatures have not fared well concerning gun control, for instance, more than 30 states have endorsed laws that make it easy for an individual without a criminal record to receive a permit to possess a concealed weapon (Winkler 1). A number of states have implemented laws that let individuals carry

Germany and the Germans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Germany and the Germans - Essay Example What initiated the project were the bad incidents that happened in the history of Germany before 1988 and thus some Germans, under the supervision of Lea Rosh the journalist, wanted a public visualization of the history in the form of a sculpture. Eisenman was nominated by the Chancellor Halmet Kohl after much hunt, and the project continued even after Kohl lost the elections. The project was funded by the Parliament. The theme behind the creation of this memorial was to officially acknowledge the fact that the German government in the past had committed genocide against the Europian Jews; that the Jews were made to go through hard times through victimization; and, that the coming generations may be able to remember the violence that was seen during the Hitler’s era. The center of Berlin was also chosen with the same objective that it should be remembered as the Nazis had planned to commit genocide against the Jews at that place. Serra had left in the middle of the sculptureâ €™s creation due to some conflicts about the development of the project. Eisenman successfully completed the project and very efficiently dealt with the conflicts and controversies that arose during the project.

Enhancement of Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting

Enhancement of Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting Enhancement of photocatalytic overall water splitting on H1.9K0.3La0.5Bi0.1Ta2O7 by loading Pt, Rh(oxide) as co-catalysts Wei Chen, Hui Wang, Liqun Mao, Xiaoping Chen, Wenfeng Shangguan Abstract: Pt and Rh were loaded on protonated layered pervoskite H1.9K0.3La0.5Bi0.1Ta2O7 by an in suit photodeposition method. The Rh loading facilitates the O2 evolution and the H2/O2 is close to stoichiometric ratio (≈ 2). Yet the Pt loading is unable to improve the O2 evolution, although the photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution was enhanced apparently. The different effect of Pt and Rh on phtocatalytic activity for H2 or O2 evolution is due to the chemical states of Pt and Rh on HKLBT. The Pt particles loaded on HKLBT by photodepositon are Pt0, functioning as activity sites for H2 evolution. However, the Rh particles loaded on HKLBT are not only Rh0, but also RhO2, which provide the activity sites for O2 evolution by means of reducing the overpotential of O2 evolution. 1 Introduction Photocatalytic water splitting has attracted much attention in the past decades for producing clean and renewable hydrogen energy[1-3]. The photocatalytic water splitting contains both water reduction process(for H2) and water oxidation(for O2) process. Currently, the water oxidation process is consider as a key bottleneck in photocatalytic reaction[4]. The difficulty of water oxidation is due to the high overpotential of O2 evolution, which is attributed to charge trapping by surface states and slow oxygen evolution kinetics[5-7]. This is also explaining why some photocatalytic reactions in pure water only produce H2 without O2 (or H2/O2>2). Therefore, providing the activity sites for oxygen evolution to reduce the overprotential is a key task on overall water splitting. It has reported that co-catalysts such as NiO[8], RuO2[9], Mn2O3[10] loading on photocatalysts play an very important role on achieving overall water splitting by mean of providing the activity sites or inhibiting t he occurrence of backward reaction. However, almost all of metal oxides loading on photocatalytic materials need heat-treatment, which is harmful to some materials with less heat-resistant, such as protonated layered materials[11], metal (oxy)sulfide[12] and metal (oxy)nitride[13], etc. Recently, Kudo et al[14] loaded PbO2 from Pb2+ by a photodeposition method without heat-treatment, indicating that oxides also are loaded by oxidation of photogenerated holes, which will provide us with a feasible way to load metal oxides on photocataytic materials by a photodeposition method. In our previous study, we found that, although protonated layered perovskite H1.9K0.3La0.5Bi0.1Ta2O7 showed high activity for overall water splitting, the ratio of H2/O2 was stoichiometric[15,16]. In addition, H1.9K0.3La0.5Bi0.1Ta2O7 (HKLBT) possesses weak heat endurance and the heat-treatment would result the collapse of layer structure. Herein, we report Rh oxide loading on HKLBT by in suit photodepositon to provide the activity sites for Oxygen evolution and enhance photocatalytic water splitting. The chemical sates of Pt, Rh loading on HKLBT are investigated. The effects of co-catalysts on water splitting, especially for oxygen evolution, are also discussed. 2 Experimental 2.1 Preparation of materials The protonated layered perovskite oxides H1.9K0.3La0.5Bi0.1Ta2O7was prepared according to the method presented in our previous papers[15]. The detail processes are as follows: (1)The layered compound K0.5La0.5Bi2Ta2O9 were prepared by the polymerized complex method as follows. 60 mL methanol was used as a solvent to dissolve 0.006 mol of TaCl5. A large excess of citric acid (CA, 0.09 mol) was added into the methanol solution with continuous stirring. After achieving complete dissolution, 0.006 mol Bi(NO3)3 ·5H2O, 0.0015 mol La(NO3)3 ·nH2O, and 0.00825 mol K2CO3 were added to the solution. The mixture was then magnetically stirred for 1 h to afford a transparent solution and 0.36 mol of ethylene glycol (EG) was added to this solution. Then, the solution was heated at 130  ºC to promote esterification between EG and CA, yielding brown resin. The resin was then calcined at 350 oC for 1 h to form black solid mass. The resulting black powder was calcined on an Al2O3 plate at 650  ºC for 2 h in air, then calcined at 900  ºC for 6 h to obtain K0.5La0.5Bi2Ta2O9 (denoted as KLBT). (2) Proton exchange reaction: KLBT (0.8g) was performed in 250 mL of 3 M HCl solution for 72 h at room temperature with replacement of the acid every 24 h, and then the product was washed with deionized water and dried at 60  ºC for 3 h to remove the water on the surface of potocatalysts to obtain HKLBT. 2.2 Characterizations The UV-vis diffuse reflection spectra (DRS) were determined by a UV-vis spectrophotometer UV-2450 (Shimadzu, Japan) and were converted to absorbance by the Kulbelka-Munk method. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements were conducted using a JEM-2100F (Japan). The surface electronic state was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Shimadzu-Kratos, Axis Ultra DLD, Japan). All the binding energy (BE) values were calibrated by using the standard BE value of contaminant carbon (C1s =284.6 eV) as a reference. 2.3 In suit photodeposition and photocataltyic reaction The in suit photodeposition and photocatalytic reactions were carried out in a 350 ml top irradiation reaction Quartz cell at room temperature and a 250 W high-press Hg lamp was used as the light source. The catalyst powder (50 mg) was suspended in 60 ml aqueous solution containing a certain amount of (NH3)4PtCl2 and Rh(NO3)2 solution by magnetic stirring. At initial stage (about 2 h), Pt or Rh species were gradually deposited on the surface of HKLBT. After 2 h, generated gases were analyzed by an on-line GC with TCD detector (Huaai, GC9160, China, MS-5A, argon Argon as carrier gas). 3 Results and discussion 3.1 UV-vis DRS The UV-vis diffuse reflection spectra (DRS) of naked HKLBT and Pt (Rh)/HKLBT photocatalyts are shown in Fig 1. The absorption edges of HKLBT loading Pt or Rh have no notable change. However, after in suit photodeposition, the spectrum longer than 320nm exhibit new weak absorptions, which are ascribe to the adsorption of Pt or Rh(oxides) on the surface of HKLBT. The result indicates co-catalysts loaded on photocatalyst successfully as well. 3.2 TEM and XPS analysis The representative HRTEM images of Rh/HKLBT and Pt/HKLBT are shown in Fig 2. Fig 2a shows that the size of the Rh on HKLBT is about 5-10 nm. The lattice fringes of Rh and HKLBT can be observed clearly, suggesting the well-defined crystal structure. The lattice fringes with d spacing of ca. 0.251 nm and 0.184 nm can be assigned to the (101) lattice plane of RhO2 and (002) lattice plane of Rh0, respectively. The result is indicatinged that Rh particles photodeposited on HKLBT contain two different Rh species. The fig 2b shows the lattice fringe with d value of ca. 0.197 nm corresponds to the (200) lattice plane of Pt0, suggesting that Pt2+ was photo-reduced to Pt metal by photogenerated electrons instead of being oxideted by holes. The chemical states of Rh and Pt species on HKLBT photocatalysts were investigated by the XPS. Fig 3 shows the Rh 3d (a) and Pt 4f (b) binding energy spectra of Pt/HKLBT and Rh/HKLBT. As shown in Fig 3a, the Rh 3d5/2 XPS spectrum displays broad peaks and has been fitted to two overlapped peaks at ca 307.2 eV and 309.2 eV. The low binding energy at 307.2 eV is attributed to the Rh0[17], and the high binding energy at 309.2 eV is ascribed to RhO2[18], demonstrating further Rh photodeposited on HKLBT possesses two chemical states. The result is good agreement with the HRTEM result. The spectrum for the Pt7/2 (Fig 3b) exhibits two major peaks with binding energies of ca. 70.8 and 72.3 eV, which are assigned to Pt0 and Pt0 with adsorbed oxygen(Pt0-Oads) based on the previous report by kimi et al[19]. Photocatalytic water splitting activities of Pt/HKLB and Rh/HKLBT(à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ®) Table 1 lists the rates of H2 and O2 on HKLBT loaded with different amounts of Pt-cocatalyst and Rh-catalyst by photodepositon method. As shown in table1, the photocataytic activity of HKLBT was improved by Pt or Rh loading. The highest hydrogen evolution rate was obtained when the amount of cocatalytsts was 0.3wt%, which reached the 2.0 times (Pt) and 1.2 times(Rh) of naked photocatalyst, indicating cocatalysts provide catalytic active sites for water splitting. Excess loading of cocatalysts caused a decrease of photocatalytic activityà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’because the excessive Pt or Rh loaded on HKLBT would not only block the absorption to light photon but become the recombination centers of carriers as well[20]. Moreover, it is noteworthy that Pt loading enhanced remarkably the photocatalytic activity of H2 evolution instead of O2 evolution, and the H2/O2 is also deviating from the stoichiometric ratio. Instead, the photocataytic O2 production is considerably promoted by Rh loading and the ratio of H2 to O2 is close to 2, when the amount of Rh loading is 0.3 wt%. If photocatalytic reaction occurred, the photocatalytic materials not only need to meet requirement of energy, but also have enough activity sites for H2 and O2 evolution. Generally, during an overall water splitting reaction, active sites of O2 evolution are more important than that of hydrogen evolution, due to high overpotential of O2 evolution of photocatalyst[4]. It has been reported, some metal oxides cocatalysts, such as RuO2, IrO2, are good candidates as cocatalysts for enhancing O2 evolution by reducing the overpotential of O2 evolution[9,21]. Valdà ©s er al[22]also reported that the overpotentials of O2 evolution on RuO2, IrO2 and RhO2 were relative low (2 evolution from the surface of the photocatalysts. In our study, Pt0 particles photocdeposited on HKLBT only function as activity sites for H2 evolution, while the activity sites for O2 evolution are insufficiency as well. In contrast, Rh species loaded on HKLBT was not only reduced by electrons to Rh0, but oxidated by ho les to RhO2, which is benefit to O2 evolution. To further demonstrate the effect of RhO2 on O2 evolution, the photocatalytic O2 evolution of HKLBT, Pt/HKLBT and Rh/HKLBT in FeCl3 aqueous solution was carried out(Fig 4). As shown in Fig4, It can be clearly observed that the photocatalytic O2 evolution of Rh/HKLBT is higher than that of both Pt/HKLBT and naked HKLBT, indicting that RhO2 functions as an O2 evolution promoter indeed[23]. Conclusion The Rh oxide (RhO2) was loaded on HKBT by in suit photodeposition method without heat-treatment. Compared to Pt, the Rh oxide on the surface of the HKLBT is able to enhance the photocatalytic O2 evolution, and the ratio of H2 to O2 is stoichiometric ratio (H2/O2=2). The enhancement of O2 is due to the decrease of overpotential of O2 evolution by means of RhO2. The present work is also providing a possibility without heat-treatment to load metal oxides on photocatalyst with low heat stability for overall water splitting. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2012AA051501), the National Key Basic Research and Development Program (2009CB220000)à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51072116) and the International Cooperation Project of Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission (12160705700). Reference [1] A Kudo , Y Miseki. Chemical Society Reviews 38 (2009) 253-278 [2] X Chen, S Shen, L Guo, S Mao, Chemical review 110 (2010) 6503-6570 [3] K Maeda, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 12 (2011) 237-268 [4] M Kanan, D Nocera, Science 321 (2008) 1072-1075 [5] Z Fang, D Dixon, Journal of Physical Chemistry C 117( 2013) 3539-3555 [6] A Vojvodic, J Nà ¸rskov, Science 334 (2011) 1355-1356 [7] Y Li, Z Liu, L Liu, W Gao, Journal of American Chemical Society 132 (2010) 13008-13015 [8] T Townsend, N Browning, F Osterloh. ACS NANO 6 (2012) 7420-7426 [9] LM Martà ­nez, R Gà ³mez, V Cuchillo, J Ramà ­rez, A Cruz-Là ³pez, FJ Alejandre-Sandoval, Catalysis Communications 12 (2010) 268-272 [10] K Maeda, A Xiong, T Yoshinaga, T Ikeda, N Sakamoto, T Hisatomi, M Takashima, D Lu, M Kanehara, T Setoyama, T Teranishi, K Domen, Angewandte International Edition Chemie 49 (2010) 4096-4099 [11] Y Tsunoda, M Shirata, W Sugimoto, Z Liu, O Terasaki, K Kuroda, Y Sugahara, Inorganic Chemistry 40 (2001) 5768-5771 [12] X Chen, W Chen, P Lin, Y Yang, H Gao, J Yuan, W Shangguan. Catalysis Communications 36 (2013) 104-108 [13] A Kasahara, K Nukumizu, G Hitoki, T Takata, J Kondo, M Hara, H Kobayshi, K Domen, Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 106 (2002) 6750-6753 [14] Y Miseki, H Kato, A Kudo, Energy Environmental Science 2 (2009) 306-314 [15] W Chen, C Li, H Gao, J Yuan, W Shangguan, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37 (2012) 12846-12851 [16] W Chen, H Gao, Y Yang, P Lin, J Yuan, W Shangguan, J Su, S Zhou, Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 28 (2012) 2911-2916 [17] C Yu, K Yang, W Zhou, Q Fan, L Wei, J Yu, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 74 (2013) 1714-1720 [18] Z Weng-Sieh, R Gronsky, A Bell, Journal of Catalysis 170 (1997) 62-74 [19] K Kim, N Winograd, R Davis, Journal of the American Chemical society 17 (1971) 6278-6279 [20] X Zong, J Han, G Ma, H Yan, G Wu, C Li, Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115 (2011) 12202-12208 [21] E Sabio, R Chamousis, N Browning, F Osterloh. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 116 (2012) 3161-3170 [22] à  Valdà ©s, J Brillet, M Grà ¤tzel, H Gudmundsdà ³ttir, H Hansen, H Jà ³nsson, P Klà ¼pfel, G Kroes, F Formal, I Man, R Martins, J Nà ¸rskov, J Rossmeisl, K Sivula, A Vojvodic, M Zà ¤ch, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 14 (2012) 49-70 [23] A Iwase, H Kato, A Kudo, Applied Catalyisi B: Environmental 136-137 (2013) 89-93 Fig 1 UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra of naked HKLBT, Pt/HKLBT and Rh/HKLBT Fig 2 TEM images of Rh/HKLBT (a) and Pt/HKLBT (b) Fig 3 XPS spectra for Rh 3d and Pt 4f of 0.3wt%Rh/HKLBT and 0.2wt%Pt/HKLBT Table 1 Photocatalytic overall water splitting on Pt/HKLBT and Rh/HKLBT Co-catalyst Loading content(wt%) Gas evolution (ÃŽ ¼mol ·h-1)a H2 O2 H2/O2 ratio none 122.8 33.7 3.6 Pt 0.1 163.40 51.9 3.2 Pt 0.3 242.7 72.5 3.3 Pt 0.5 210.8 72.9 2.9 Rh 0.1 133.5 39.0 3.4 Rh 0.3 146.1 67.9 2.1 Rh 0.5 65.3 31.2 2.1 Photocatlaytic reaction conditions: 50 mg catalyst, 250 W high pressure Hg lamp (ÃŽ »>200 nm), 60 ml pure water a Average rate of H2 and O2 in 4 h Fig 5 Photocatalytic O2 evolution from FeCl3 aqueous solution over naked HKLBT, Pt/HKLBT and Rh/HKLBT (30 mg catalytst, 250 W high pressure Hg lamp, 60 ml 0.05 mol/L FeCl3 )

Zeitoun Essay

Despite warnings of evacuation, Abdulrahman Zeitoun, a Syrian-American owner of a painting and contracting company in New Orleans, chose to stay when hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans. During his canoe trip journey after Katrina, Zeitoun encountered many people who were trapped in their homes and in need of his help. Risking his life to save others, Zeitoun was falsely accused of stealing and dealing drugs because of his race. In Zeitoun, Dave Eggers portrays the view that America has towards Muslim people and how people are treated unjustly simply because of how they look.A few days after Katrina hit, the levees broke, leaving the trapped civilians in shock and poverty. People who remained in the city had little resources, causing many people to break into other homes and stores to find whatever they can to survive. Zeitoun sailed on his canoe around the city and helped people who were trapped in their homes, including two dogs that were left behind by their owners. He felt that he was unable to leave his business because he felt responsible for the damaged houses throughout the duration of the storm.Also, Zeitoun felt that his home was â€Å"worth fighting for† (70) Zeitoun believed that by staying in New Orleans, he felt as if this opportunity was given to him by God to help the people who were still trapped in the city. The National Guards showed up at Zeitoun’s house with guns, assuming that Zeitoun and his friends were part of the Al Qaeda. The guards forcefully tackled them to the ground and arrested them. The National Guards did not inform them why they were being arrested and taken into custody.Zeitoun was taken to an interrogation room where he was stripped naked and his rectum searched for imported goods. They were forced to sleep on the ground and could not touch the jail bars or there would be consequences. Zeitoun was accused of terrorist activity, thus he and his friends were treated inhumanly. During the brutal treatment in jail, Z eitoun had splinters on his foot and asked for medical attention, but his request was denied without consideration due to his status. Eventually, his splinter got worse and he had to perform a medical procedure by cutting the splinter out himself.The soldiers and police in charge of the city after the hurricane arrested anyone who looked remotely suspicious and even those who did not. Instead of serving the public by helping them in the days following the hurricane, they took the civilians to the Greyhound bus station where they dispensed people into cages. Zeitoun and his companions were denied their rights, including the right to make a phone call. Knowing his constitutional rights, Zeitoun makes desperate pleas to the guards to have the opportunity to call his wife, Kathy, in Arizona. However, Zeitoun is repeatedly met with answers such as, â€Å"Phone's don't work.You guys are terrorists. You're Taliban. † (222) Based on how they looked, they were treated as terrorists an d the law seemingly did not apply to them. When Zeitoun’s wife, Kathy, finds out that he was arrested, she did not give up fighting until he was out of jail. Kathy did everything she could to get her husband out of jail. Kathy found a lawyer and found out exactly where Zeitoun was. When Kathy came to see Zeitoun, Raleigh, Zeitoun’s lawyer told her that it would cost $75,000 to bail her husband out. The price would have been lower if Zeitoun was not charged of being a terrorist.Zeitoun was wrongly treated because he seemed to be different from everyone else, due to his ethnicity, heritage, and beliefs. The National Security were afraid that Zeitoun was a terrorists that would put the country into turmoil. The soldiers and police abused their powers and treated people that are different with brutality. Dave Eggers was trying to show the reader how people can be wrongly punished based on their background, race, culture, and religions even if they mean no harm. Dave Eggerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s book illustrates how people tend to jump into conclusions and make fast assumptions of others without getting to know them.

Development of American economic system

Economics is defined as the way the services to produce goods are allocated among alternative uses to satisfy human wants. In short, economics is the output of goods and services that society needs and wants. The history of the United States economy is one of growth. The amount of goods and services that the United States produces annually has grown significantly in the last 100 years. The American economic system, including modern developments and trends, are important to American society. The American economic system follows an outline for it to be successful.An economic system must determine what and how much product society is producing and how each service and good is to be produce. It must also determine how the services and goods are to be distributed to members of society and what â€Å"the rate of growth per capita income† will be. (Mansfield and Behravesh, 1998, p 24) The economic system must find out what its factories are putting into stores, how much is being put into stores, how much it will cost to get these products and services into the hands of Americans, and how much money society will make as a whole because of these products and services.This is a simple system of what goes out must be replaced by something equally as valuable. The United States will gladly give Americans what they need, however, those Americans need to trade cash for it so the workers who made those products can do the same for themselves and their families. In essence, it could be considered a barter system, but instead of trading goods for other goods, Americans trade cash for goods. Modern developments have become extremely important in the American economic system. For example, international trade is a modern development that plays a very important role.Many American industries depend on other countries for raw materials such as coffee, tin, or tea. American exports account for ten percent of its gross domestic product. American society and way of life would hav e to change drastically if trading with other countries was not an option. (Mansfield and Behravesh, 1998) Financial transactions in the form of revolving credit cards is another important modern development. Although the use of credit began during the time of the Pilgrims, the use of revolving credit cards is a modern development. Credit, as Americans know it today, began in the late 1800s with the advent of credit tokens.This made it faster and easier to extend credit instead of looking up individual information. In the 1950's, the revolving credit card came into use. People could now borrow money, repay it, and borrow again without having to be approved for a line of credit each time. Today, these credit cards are an easy way to pay for goods and services, and it is used more often than cash. Americans buy everything on credit, including clothing, food, and entertainment. Take away American's use of credit, and the economy would come to a grinding halt. (â€Å"The History of Cre dit & Debit: History of Credit Cards.†, 2009)In conclusion, America's economic system is a simple one, however, modern developments have complicated it somewhat. International trade and the use of credit in general and revolving credit cards are extremely important because these developments keep the country growing and moving forward. Many Americans drive foreign cars and drink foreign coffee, a result of international trade. Many Americans use credit to buy houses and food, a result of the advent of credit. Without these developments, American society as the Americans know it would change drastically, creating unnecessary hardship.

Free Essays on Alexander Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton began his impressive career in March of 1777 after meeting General George Washington. He joined Washington’s’ personal staff, as his personal secretary and confidential aide. Hamilton proved his loyalty to Washington on more then one occasion, but as the need for the military diminished so did Hamilton. On December 14, 1780, he married Elizabeth Schuyler and established a life with eight children. After studying law for three months in Albany he opened a law office on 57 Wall Street. He also served congress from 1782 to 1783. He also founded the bank of New York in February of 1784. During George Washington’s presidency, Hamilton became the first secretary of the Treasury. He was now responsible for establishing credit of the United States. Hamilton sometimes overstepped the limits of his office interfering with other departments. For example, a difference in opinion with Jefferson during the French Revolution. Hamilton advocated neutrality, wh ich Washington accepted and on April 22, 1793 announced that they would remain neutral during the conflict overseas. On January 31, 1795 Hamilton resigned from his position as the Secretary of Treasury and went back to his law firm in New York. On July 25, 1798 at the age of forty-three he returned to active duty in the military under the supervision of Washington. He served in the army until June 2, 1800. After Washington’s death the Federalist Party became divided between John Adams and Alexander Hamilton. After Adams became President Hamilton wrote a personal attack on the president that contained much confidential cabinet information. Although this pamphlet was only intended for private usage the pamphlet was obtained by Aaron Burr and published, Hamiltons’ political and legal rival. Hamilton had done a few things to make Burr upset with him, first he demolished burrs hopes of completing a foreign mission. He ended Burrs hopes of becoming pres... Free Essays on Alexander Hamilton Free Essays on Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton was brilliant businessman who came into the Treasury department with many ideas on how to stabilize the struggling American economy. He was a thirty-four year old native of the West Indies, who was a crucial part of President Washington's cabinet. His ideas and philosophies helped to pave th4e way for the Bank of America and the Treasury. As one of his first acts as Secretary of Treasury, Hamilton was determined to reverse the financial problems that plagued the government and country under the recently revised Articles of Confederation. His plan involved favoring the wealthier members of society, who would in turn give money and moral support to the government. The government would then prosper and the benefits would be reaped by all. Hamilton was also dead set on sustaining the national credit. He needed the support of the masses in order to advance his economic plans. His plan of action in this case was "funding at par," which involved the federal government paying off its debts at face value, plus accumulated interest, which came to a total of fifty-four million dollars, a very substantial amount of money at that time. While still backing his national debt plans, Hamilton also suggested that Congress pay the debts of the individual states, equaling some twenty-one million dollars. This idea of "assumption" was believed by Hamilton to be an obligation of Congress because the debts occurred during the country's fight for independence. Hamilton also believed that paying off the State's debts would create more unity in among the States. With the government trying to pay both national, and local state debts, they shortly fell into a seventy-five million dollar overall debt. Hamilton did not see this as a problem, but more of an advantage to the growing American economy. His philosophy was that the more countries that America owed money, the more people who h... Free Essays on Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton began his impressive career in March of 1777 after meeting General George Washington. He joined Washington’s’ personal staff, as his personal secretary and confidential aide. Hamilton proved his loyalty to Washington on more then one occasion, but as the need for the military diminished so did Hamilton. On December 14, 1780, he married Elizabeth Schuyler and established a life with eight children. After studying law for three months in Albany he opened a law office on 57 Wall Street. He also served congress from 1782 to 1783. He also founded the bank of New York in February of 1784. During George Washington’s presidency, Hamilton became the first secretary of the Treasury. He was now responsible for establishing credit of the United States. Hamilton sometimes overstepped the limits of his office interfering with other departments. For example, a difference in opinion with Jefferson during the French Revolution. Hamilton advocated neutrality, w hich Washington accepted and on April 22, 1793 announced that they would remain neutral during the conflict overseas. On January 31, 1795 Hamilton resigned from his position as the Secretary of Treasury and went back to his law firm in New York. On July 25, 1798 at the age of forty-three he returned to active duty in the military under the supervision of Washington. He served in the army until June 2, 1800. After Washington’s death the Federalist Party became divided between John Adams and Alexander Hamilton. After Adams became President Hamilton wrote a personal attack on the president that contained much confidential cabinet information. Although this pamphlet was only intended for private usage the pamphlet was obtained by Aaron Burr and published, Hamiltons’ political and legal rival. Hamilton had done a few things to make Burr upset with him, first he demolished burrs hopes of completing a foreign mission. He ended Burrs hopes of becoming pres...

Universal Human Rights essays

Universal Human Rights essays When there is a cycle of violence going on, it is hard for a person leave because everyone becomes accustom to a certain way of living. This is because human beings are creatures of habit and are scared of change because it is a part of the unknown. However, there has to be a point people has to face the reality that the unhealthy environment cannot continue. Human rights are rights that all human beings are entitled to, merely by virtue of being human. Such human rights do not have to be earned, nor are they dependent on any particular social status. Human rights include both civil/political and economic/social/cultural rights; they also now include "third generation" rights such as the right to self-determination and development (Universal Human Rights). From there, Christians have taken a political stand for the gross human rights abuse for women and children who have been abused. Christians fight for the gross human rights because women and children are being abused or killed daily. They believe Islamic countries and well as others can follow human rights so that people are treated fairly and can be safe. The government of Sudan remained a gross human rights abuser, while rebel groups committed their share of violations. In the seemingly endless seventeen-year civil war, the government stepped up its brutal expulsions of southern villagers from the oil production areas and trumpeted its resolve to use the oil income for more weapons. Under the leadership of President (Lt. Gen.) Omar El Bashir, the government intensified its bombing of civilian targets in the war, denied relief food to needy civilians, and abused children's rights, particularly through its military and logistical support for the Ugandan rebel Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), which held an estimated 6,000 Ugandan children captive on government-controlled Sudanese territory. As for the Sudan People's Liberation Movement ...

Applied Social Marketing Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Applied Social Marketing Project - Essay Example It is root to many other crimes that are being committed such as robbery, as addicts want money to purchase the drug, violence at home when they are under the effect of the drug and many more such crimes and acts of violence. Throughout the length of this paper, the details related to drug abuse have been discussed. The symptoms that we should look for in a person who is an addict are also mentioned. There are some causes as to why a person would take up the drug such as peer pressure, stress or even violence at home. These causes are looked into in this paper. We have justified our position as to stop the use of drugs through campaigns that should be launched to increase the awareness of the risks of using and drugs and the health problems that are associated with it. The paper is about social marketing; let's explain what social marketing is: social marketing is an approach through which we try and achieve a social good through behavioral goals which are clearly identified and explained. It is not only a short term process but it also looks at the long term and tries to solve the issue for a longer period of time. This is done by using marketing techniques which can help achieve the goal. There are six features of this approach: customer or customer orientation, behavior and behavior goals, intervention mix and marketing mix, audience segmentation, exchange and competition. The process involves stages which are: scope, develop, implement, evaluate and follow-up. (http://www.nsms.org.uk/public/default.aspxPageID=10) The social issue that we have focused upon in this paper is drug abuse; drugs are a chemical substance which affects the way a normal body operates. Drugs can be sniffed, smoked, licked and injected. There are many substances such as mushrooms and alcohol which can be confused as drugs because they also affect the way the body functions. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act definition of "drug" includes "articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals" and "articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals." (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/fdcact/fdcact1.htm) Drug abuse is when the drugs are consumed more than the required amount and when they are consumed without any medical or health reason for consumption. Drug dependence can take three forms: tolerance, habit and addiction. Tolerance is when the body becomes used to a drug and to achieve the same effect we need to take higher and higher quantities of the drug. The condition worsens when the drug is used continuously for a long period of time. Withdrawal symptoms are experienced by the addict or dependent person when the use is stopped. Habit is when the person desires the drug. He physically may not require the drug but psychologically he wants to keep having it. The drug becomes a part of life; the person eventually may require the drug to function normally. Addiction is when the person starts to crave for the drug and existence without it seems impossible to the addict. Drugs can be classified into six types: The first type is alcohol and tobacco and their use is extensive by many people. They are consumed on a daily basis. The effect of these drugs starts to take place after consumption is continued for years. The second

Chapter 12 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 12 - Assignment Example Cateora, Gilly, & Graham (2011) explore some of the reasons that can make a country not to be farther considered as a potential market via a planning process. The planning process is divided in to four phases but this paper will explore how and why a country can be dropped in the first two phases. The objective of the first phase is to match the needs of the company and its home country to those of the host country. The compatibility of the company’s character and its home country to those of the host country is the basis on which countries are either disqualified or qualified as markets. The first thing that a business will look at when evaluating a host country is the economy of that particular country. Every business wants to be associated and to partner with a country that records substantial economic growth or has a stable economy. For example, Greece can be viewed as a potential market for commodities like electronics. However, the fact that Greece’s economy is experiencing major debt problems would disqualify it from being a potential market. The second most important criterion that is used to evaluate a potential market is the political stability and the legal policies of the host nation. The political stability is very key if a potential market is to be considered as an actual market. This is because it ensures the safety of the business and its personnel and in most cases, it also means that the legal policies are favorable for running a business. The legal policies may include taxation brackets and the political stand of the country on trade regulating policies. Competition is the third criterion as highlighted by